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Ch. 20 - A&P II
The Heart
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where is the heart located? | Mediastinum. |
| What encloses and holds the heart in place? | Pericardium. |
| Serious pericardium layers. | Visceral and Parietal |
| What separates the visceral and parietal layers? | The Serous cavity. |
| 3 layers of the heart wall. | Epicardium, Myocardium and Endocardium. |
| Chambers of the heart. | 2 upper atria and 2 lower ventricles. |
| Receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus. Separated internally from the left atrium by the interatrial septum which contains the fossa ovalis. Blood exits the it through the tricuspid valve. | Right Atrium. |
| Receives blood from right atrium and sends blood to the lungs. Separated internally from the left atrium by the interventricular septum. Pumps blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk. | Right Ventricle |
| Receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins and exits through the bicuspid (Mitral) valve. | Left Atrium. |
| Receives blood from the left atrium and sends blood all over the body (except for air sacs of the lungs). Pumps oxygenated blood through the aortic valve into the aorta. Thickest wall. | Left Ventricle. |
| Forms the foundation from which the heart valves match. Serves as a point of insertion for cardiac muscle bundles. Prevents overstretching of the heart valves. Acts as an electrical insulator. | Fibrous Skeleton. |
| Open and close in response to pressure changes as the heart contracts and releases. | Heart Valves. |
| Prevent back flow from the ventricles into the atria. | Right and left atrioventricular valves. |
| Prevent back flow from the arteries into the ventricles. Aortic valve (entrance of aorta) and pulmonary valve (entrance of pulmonary trunk). | Right and left semilunar valves. |
| 1st path of blood for systemic and pulmonary circulation. | Right Atrium (deoxygenated blood). |
| 2nd path of blood for systemic and pulmonary circulation. | Tricuspid Valve. |
| 3rd path of blood for systemic and pulmonary circulation. | Right Ventricle. |
| 4th path of blood for systemic and pulmonary circulation. | Pulmonary Valve. |
| 5th path of blood for systemic and pulmonary circulation. | Pulmonary Trunk and Arteries. |
| 6th path of blood for systemic and pulmonary circulation. | Pulmonary Capillaries (out CO2, in O2). |
| 7th path of blood for systemic and pulmonary circulation. | Pulmonary Veins (oxygenated blood). |
| 8th path of blood for systemic and pulmonary circulation. | Left Atrium. |
| 9th path of blood for systemic and pulmonary circulation. | Bicuspid Valve. |
| 10th path of blood for systemic and pulmonary circulation. | Left Ventricle. |
| 11th path of blood for systemic and pulmonary circulation. | Aortic Valve. |
| 12th path of blood for systemic and pulmonary circulation. | Aorta and Systemic Arteries. |
| 13th path of blood for systemic and pulmonary circulation. | Systemic Capillaries (out 02, in CO2). |
| 14th path of blood for systemic and pulmonary circulation. | Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, Coronary Sinus. |
| Deliver oxygenated blood and nutrients to the myocardium. Branches arise from ascending aorta. | Coronary Arteries. |
| Remove carbon dioxide and waste from the myocardium. Branches converge at the Coronary Sinus. | Coronary Veins. |
| Self excitable, and therefore, autorhythmic. Repeatedly generate spontaneous action potentials that trigger heart contractions. These cells form the conduction system, which is the route for propagating action potentials through the heart muscle. | Cardiac Muscle cells. |
| Natural pacemaker of the heart that initiate frequent action potentials. Forms the conduction system. Spontaneously depolarize and generate action potentials. | Autorhythmic fibers of the Sinoatrial Node. |
| Can modify the heart rate and force of contraction but do not set the fundamental rhythm. | Signals from nervous system and hormones (like epinephrine). |
| Characterized by rapid depolarization, plateau and repolarization. | Action potential in a ventricular contractile fiber. |
| Generated by cardiac muscle via anaerobic cellular respiration and creatine phosphate. | ATP. |
| Recording of the electrical changes that accompany each heartbeat. | ECK/EKG. |
| 1st step of action potential propagation through the heart. | Atrial excitation. Depolarization of atrial contractile fibers (produces P wave). |
| 2nd step of action potential propagation through the heart. | Atrial Systole (Contraction). |
| 3rd step of action potential propagation through the heart. | Ventricular excitation. Depolarization plus atrial repolarization of ventricular contractile fibers (produces QRS complex). |
| 4th step of action potential propagation through the heart. | Ventricular Systole (contraction). |
| 5th step of action potential propagation through the heart. | End of ventricular excitation. Repolarization of ventricular contractile fibers (produces T wave). |
| 6th step of action potential propagation through the heart. | Ventricular Diastole (Relaxation). |
| Consists of the contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole)of both atria, rapidly followed by the systole and diastole of both ventricles. | Cardiac Cycle. |
| Number of heartbeats each day. | 100,000. |
| One heartbeat consist of a cycle of events that lasts how long? | 8 tenths of a second. |
| Atrial Systole. | 0.1 sec. |
| Ventricular Systole. | 0.3 sec. |
| Relaxation Period. | 0.4 sec. |
| Volume of blood ejected from the left or right ventricle into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute. | Cardiac Output. |
| Amount of blood pumped out of the ventricle in one heartbeat (systole). | Stroke Volume. |
| SV (ml/beat) x HR (beats/min). | CO (ml/min). Cardiac Output 5 L per minute. |
| Preload, contractility and afterload. | Factors that regulate stroke volume. |
| Autonomic nervous system, hormones, ions, age, gender, physical fitness and temperature. | Factors that regulate heart rate. |
| Higher Brain Centers - Cerebral cortex, limbic system, hypothalamus. Sensory R eceptors: Prioreceptor - Monitors movement, Chemoreceptor - Monitors blood chemistry, Baroreceptor - Monitors blood pressure. | Nervous System Regulation (Input into Cardiovascular Center). |
| Cardiac Accelerator (Sympathetic): High rate of depolarization of SA and AV nodes. High heart rate. High contractility of atria and ventricles. High stroke volume. Vagus (Parasympathetic): Low rate of depolarization of SA and AV nodes. Low heart rate. | Nervous System Regulation (Output to heart). |
| Increase cardiac output, increase HDL, decrease triglycerides, improve lung function, decrease blood pressure and assist in weight control can be achieved through... | Regular Aerobic Exercise. |
| Coronary Heart Disease, Atherosclerotic plaques, congenital heart defects, arrhythmia and congestive heart failure are... | Homeostatic Imbalances and Heart disorders. |
| Consists of mesothelium and connective tissue. | Pericardium. |
| Composed of cardiac muscle tissue. | Myocardium. |
| Endothelium and connective tissue. | Endocardium. |
| Auricles, coronary sulcus (between the atrial and ventricles) and anterior/posterior sulci (between the ventricles of the anterior/posterior surfaces of the heart). | External features of the heart. |
| Contains a single centrally located nucleus. Has more and larger mitochondria, smaller sarcoplasmic reticulum and wide transverse tubules (which are located at Z discs). Connected end-to-end via intercalated disks. | Cardiac Muscle Fibers. |
| Provide strength to allow muscle action potentials to conduct from one fiber to another. | Desmosomes. |
| Sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, bundle of his, bundle branches and Purkinje fibers. | Conduction System Components. |
| Rapid depolarization, long plateau and repolarization. | Phases of action potentials in ventricular contractile fibers. |
| Has a long refractory period (which prevents tetanus). | Cardiac Muscle Tissue. |
| Conduction time from the beginning of atrial excitation to the beginning of ventricular excitation. | P-Q interval. |
| Time when ventricular contractile fibers are fully depolarized. | S-T segment. |
| 75 beats/min. | Average heartbeat. |
| Atrial systole, ventricular systole and relaxation period. | Phases of the cardiac cycle. |
| Caused by turbulence associated with the closing of the atria ventricular valve. | Lubb (S1). |
| Caused by blood turbulence associated with closing of semilunar valves. | Dupp (S2). |
| Difference between a person's maximum CO and his or her CO at rest. | Cardiac Reserve. |
| Stretch on the heart before it contracts. | Preload. |
| Forcefulness of contraction. | Contractility. |
| Pressure that must be exceeded before ventricular ejection can begin. | Afterload. |
| A greater preload (end diastolic volume) stretching cardiac muscle fibers just before they contract, increases their force of contraction until the stretching becomes excessive. | Frank-Starling Law. |
| Where does the nervous control of the cardiovascular system originates? | In the cardiovascular center of the medulla oblongata. |
| Heart rate is affected by what? | Epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid hormones, ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+), age, gender, physical fitness and body temperature. |
| Intra-aortic balloon pump, the ventricular assist device, cardiomyoplasty (implanted pacemaker) and skeletal muscle assist device. | Cardiac Assist Devices. |
| I band (sarcomere), Z disk, A band, H zone and M line. | Arrangement of components in a cardiac muscle fiber. |
| How does the heart develops? | From the mesoderm. |
| The endocardial tubes develop into what? | The four chamber heart and great vessels of the heart. |
Created by:
Jpereira72
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