Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Pigment & mineral
Staining
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Artifact pigment | Formed as a result of chemical action - fixation, processing, usually on tissue, not w/i cell, e.g. formalin, mercury, chrome pigments |
| Exogenous pigment | From outside the body, carbon pigment, asbestos fibers, tattoo pigments, metals - normal (iron) or pathologic (copper) |
| Carbon pigment | Seen in lung & lymph node, resists bleaching & extration, insol. in conc'd sulfuric acid - use to differentiate |
| Asbestos fibers | Birefringent, magnesium silicate, in body fibers coated w/ iron-containing protein, known as asbestos bodies, lose birefringence demo w/ Prussian blue |
| Endogenous hematogenous pigments | From blood, e.g. hemoglobin, hemosiderin, biliverdin |
| Hemoglobin | Conjugated protein, anionic, stains w/ acid dyes (eosin), hemoglobin breaks into globin protein & heme, heme splits into iron & biliverdin |
| Hemosiderin | Yellow to brown pigment, stored iron (Fe2+), usu. in marrow, pathologic elsewhere (liver), differentiate from other yellow-brown pigments w/ Prussian blue rxn |
| Hemochromatosis | Disease caused by excessive absorption of dietary iron, excessive hemosiderin deposits in liver, pancreas, damaging to tissue |
| Biliverdin | Greenish bile pigment, prod'd from destruction of rbc, liver red. to bilirubin - remove from circulation, abnormal accumulation - jaundice, pigment in bile canaliculi, cytoplasm of Kupffer cells & hepatocytes |
| Hematoidin | Similar to bilirubin, ox. to bilirubin, formed as result of hemorrhage & red'd O2 tension |
| Endogenous nonhematogenous pigments | Lipid - e.g. lipofucsin, ceroid, nonlipidic - e.g. melanin |
| Melanin pigment | Formed by ox. tyrosine, histochem. demo melanocytes, bleach w/ H2O2, potassium permanganate & oxalic acid, dissolved by strong alkali, insol. weak acid, base, organic solvents, argentaffin, positive Schmorl |
| Lipofuscin pigment | "Wear & tear" pigment, yellow-brown, in more permanent cells (heart, liver, neurons) |
| Ceroid pigment | Brownish-yellow, hepatocytes & macrophages of rats w/ cirrhosis, rarely seen in humans |
| What stains for lipofuscin & ceroid pigments? | Oil red O, Sudan black B, & PAS, differentiate - ceroid is acid-fast, lipofsucin is not |
| Engodenous deposits | Urate crytals (gouty tophi), chronic gout may deposit in soft tissue too, sol. in water, alcoholic fix., birefringent w/ polarizing, demo w/ argentaffin rxn |
| Minerals | Special stains can demo: Ca2+, Fe2+/Fe3+, Cu2+, PO43+, CO32+, silver, lead, copper, gold, microincineration can be used to ID inorganic components |
| Cytoplasmic granules | Adrenal chromaffin granules, pancreatic endocrine cells, GI enterochromaffin cells, "C" cells of thyroid, some pituitary cells, are APUD cells demo w/ argyrophil or argentaffin rxns, fixative v. important |
| APUD cells | Have high uptake of amine-precursors & ability to decarboxylate |
| Best fixative for chromaffin granules? | Primary chromate fixatives, e.g. Orth |
| Argentaffin granules of GI are destroyed by? | Alcoholic fixatives |
| Paneth cell granules are destroyed by? | Acetic acid |
| Prussian blue stain purpose | Detect ferric (Fe3+) iron, usu. small amount in marrow & spleen, large deposits - hemochromatosis, hemosiderosis |
| Prussian blue stain facts | Fixative: alcohol or 10% NBF, QC: section w/ Fe3+, don't want excess iron, chemically clean glassware, iron-free reagents |
| Prussian blue stain solutions | potassium ferrocyanide 2% (bind Fe3+) HCl 2% (acidify) nuclear-fast red |
| Prussian blue stain results | nuclei & hemofuchsin - bright red hemosiderin (iron) - blue background - pink |
| Nuclear-fast red solution | aluminum sulfate nuclear-fast red thymol (preservative) dH2O |
| Fixation for iron demo: | Some acidic fixatives & decal. solns. dissolve iron, can demo iron after Zenker w/ acetic acid, but mercury - bad, best to use another fixative & decal briefly in acetic or formic acid |
| Turnball blue stain purpose | Detect ferrous (Fe2+) iron, ferrous iron v. toxic, not normally stored, easily absorbed by intestine but converted to ferric, used w/ Schmorl technique |
| Turnball blue stain facts | Fixative: alcohol or 10% NBF QC: section w/ Fe2+ |
| Turnball blue stain solutions | potassium ferricyanide staining soln. (bind Fe2+) acetic acid 1% (post-stain rinse) nuclear-fast red |
| Turnball blue stain results | ferrous iron - blue background - pink-red |
| Potassium ferricyanide staining solution | potassium ferricyanide HCl 0.06N |
| Schmorl technique purpose | Indicate reducing substances - will red. ferric ions, stains melanin, argentaffin granules, formalin pigment, mostly replaced by IHC |
| Schmorl technique facts | Fixative: 10% NBF QC: section w/ melanin or argentaffin granules |
| Schmorl technique solutions | ferric chloride-potassium ferricyanide working soln. pH 2.4 Mayer mucicarmine soln. or metanil yellow |
| Schmorl technique results | reducing/argentaffin substances - blue-green goblet cells, mucin - rose background - yellow-green (less better) |
| Mayer mucicarmine solution | carmine alum lake aluminum hydroxide anhy. aluminum chloride 50% ethanol 25% ethanol |
| Fontana-Masson & microwave Fontana-Masson stains purpose | Demo argentaffin substances, e.g. melanin, argentaffin granules of carcinoid tumors, some neurosecretory granules, demos other red'ing substances (formalin pigment) |
| Fontana-Masson & microwave Fontana-Masson stains facts | Fixative: 10% NBF, avoid alcohol QC: skin for melanin, small intestine or appendix for argentaffin granules, Melanoma, tumor w/ argentaffin granules, chemically clean glassware, nonmetallic instruments |
| Fontana-Masson stain solutions | Fontana silver nitrate w/ NH4OH gold chloride sodium thiosulfate nuclear-fast red |
| Fontana-Masson stain results | melanin, argentaffin granules - black nuclei - pink overstaining gives gray background & loss of contrast |
| Microwave Fontana-Masson stain solutions | Fontana silver nitrate w/ NH4OH gold chloride sodium thiosulfate nuclear-fast red |
| Microwave Fontana-Masson stain results | argentaffin cell granules, chromaffin granules, melanin, other argentaffin substances - black nuclei - pink |
| Grimelius stain purpose | Demo argyrophil granules in neurosecretory tumors, also stains argentaffin substances |
| Grimelius stain facts | QC: argyrophil-positive carcinoid tumor preferred, can use small intestine, chemically clean glassware, nonmetallic forceps |
| Grimelius stain solutions | working silver solution reducing solution nuclear-fast red |
| Grimelius stain results | argentaffin & argyrophil granules - dark brown to black nuclei - red background - pale yellow-brown |
| Grimelius working silver solution | acetic acid-acetate buffer pH 5.6 silver nitrate 1% dH2O |
| Grimelius, Churukian-Schenk, microwave Churukian-Schenk reducing solution | hydroquinone sodium sulfite dH2O |
| How to differentiate between argentaffin & argyophil substances? | Stain w/ both Grimelius (argyophil) & Fontana-Masson (argentaffin) & compare |
| Churukian-Schenk & microwave Churukian-Schenk methods purpose | Demo argyrophil granules in neurosecretory tumors |
| Churukian-Schenk & microwave Churukian-Schenk methods facts | QC: argyrophil-positive carcinoid tumor preferred, can use small intestine, chemically clean glassware, nonmetallic forceps |
| Churukian-Schenk method solutions | acidified water pH 4.0 to 4.2 silver nitrate 0.5% reducing solution nuclear-fast red |
| Churukian-Schenk method results | argyophil granules, argentaffin substances - black nuclei - red background - yellow-brown |
| Microwave Churukian-Schenk method solutions | citric acid-glycine soln. silver nitrate 0.5% reducing solution nuclear-fast red |
| Microwave Churukian-Schenk method results | argyrophil & argentaffin cells - black nuclei - orange to red background - light yellow-orange |
| Gomori methenamine-silver method purpose | Demo urates, may demo large calcium deposits |
| Gomori methenamine-silver method facts | Fixative: abs. alcohol QC: section w/ urates |
| Gomori methenamine-silver method solutions | working methenamine-silver nitrate sodium thiosulfate light green w/ acetic acid |
| Gomori methenamine-silver method results | urates - black background - green |
| Bile stain purpose | Detect bilirubin in tissue, aka Hall stain, aka Fouchet rxn |
| Bile stain solutions | Fouchet reagent van Gieson |
| Bile stain results | bile, bilirubin - emerald green to olive drab background - yellow |
| Fouchet reagent solution | trichloracetic acid ferric chloride dH2O |
| van Gieson solution | acid fuchsin picric acid |
| von Kossa stain purpose | ID calcium in tissue, detects anions bound to calcium, not the calcium itself |
| von Kossa stain facts | Fixative: alcohol preferred, 10% NBF ok |
| von Kossa stain solutions | silver nitrate sunlight sodium thiosulfate nuclear-fast red |
| von Kossa stain results | calcium salts - black background - red |
| Alizarin Red S stain purpose | ID calcium in tissue, reaction product is birefringent |
| Alizarin Red S stain facts | Fixative: alcoholic formalin or 10% NBF |
| Alizarin Red S staining solution | Alizarin red S (chelate w/ calcium) dH2O NH4OH to pH 4.1 to 4.3 - critical |
| Alizarin Red S stain results | calcium deposits - orange-red |
| Rhodanine & microwave Rhodanine methods purpose | Detect copper in tissue, esp. liver - Wilson disease, aka Lindquist rhodanine |
| Rhodanine & microwave Rhondanine methods facts | Fixative: 10% NBF Sections: paraffin 6-8 µm QC: section w/ copper (fetal liver) |
| Rhodanine method solutions | working rhodanine soln. Mayer hematoxylin w/ dH2O borax (blue Mayer) |
| Rhodanine method results | copper - bright red to red yellow nuclei - light blue If copper conc. low, stain may fade after coverslipping |
| Microwave Rhodanine method solutions | working Rhodanine w/ sodium acetate-formalin Mayer hematoxylin w/ dH2O borax |
| Microwave Rhodanine method results | copper - bright red or rust-red intracytoplasmic granules nuclei - blue |
| Working Rhodanine solution | 5-(p-dimethylamino-benyzlidine) rhodanine abs. ethanol dH2O filter |
| Pigment | A substance that has enough color to be visible w/o any further staining |
| What are some diseases associated w/ melanin? | Melanomas, Addison's disease |
| Prussian blue vs. Turnball blue | Prussian - ferrocyanide for ferric ions Turnball - ferricyanide for ferrous ions |
| Fontana Masson w/ melanin bleach | To compare, deparaffinize & hydrate 2 slides, leave 1 in dH2O, 1 in potassium permanganate, wash w/ tap & dH2O, in oxalic acid, wash w/ tap & dH2O, stain both w/ Fontana Masson protocol |
| Argentaffin stains | Gomori methenamine-silver, Grocott methenamine-silver, Fontana Masson, von Kossa |
| Argyrophil stains | Reticulin, Holmes, Bielschowsky, Warthin-Starry, Dieterle, Steiner & Steiner, Grimelius, Churukian-Schenk |
| Formalin pigment | Is a reducing substance, may give positive rxn to Schmorl & Fontana-Masson |
| Chloroacetate Esterase (Leder) stain purpose | Detection of neutrophils |
| Stained starch granules show: | A characteristic Maltese cross configuration when polarized, may be introduced from talcum powder of gloves |
| Ferrous ions | Fe2+, toxic, not normally stored, Turnbull blue |
| Ferric ions | Fe3+, normally present in tissue, usu. bound to protein (hemosiderin), in marrow, spleen, decaying, hemorrhagic material, excess - hemachromatosis, Prussian blue |
Created by:
CCF
Popular Histology sets