Save
Busy. Please wait.
Log in with Clever
or

show password
Forgot Password?

Don't have an account?  Sign up 
Sign up using Clever
or

Username is available taken
show password


Make sure to remember your password. If you forget it there is no way for StudyStack to send you a reset link. You would need to create a new account.
Your email address is only used to allow you to reset your password. See our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service.


Already a StudyStack user? Log In

Reset Password
Enter the associated with your account, and we'll email you a link to reset your password.
focusNode
Didn't know it?
click below
 
Knew it?
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

  Normal Size     Small Size show me how

Ch 25

fluid, electrolyte, acid-base balance

QuestionAnswer
the two largest constituents of the body fluids are water and electrolytes
Four main functions of water transportation, heat regulation, maintenance of hydrogen, medium for enzymatic action of digestion
adult male body contains how much water 60%
adult female contains how much water 50%
why are infants more susceptible to dehydration large body surface area compared to body weight and kidneys aren't as effective
why are older adults more prone to dehydration decline in total body water, lack of thirst, decrease in urine concentrating ability, less ADH
dehydration may cause hypovolemia
excess fluid volume causes hypervolemia
most metabolic and chemical reactions in the body take place in what medium water
what moves via diffusion glucose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, small ions and molecules
diffusions is the process by which substances move freely through the membrane until even districution occurs
intracellular proteins have a negative charge that tends to attract what sodium and potassium ions from ECF
osmosis movement of pure solvent across the membrane
what diffuses by osmosis
osmosis takes place via semipermeable membrane
fluid moves between the interstitial and intracellular and interstitial and intravascular compartments by osmosis
isotonic equal solute concentration
hypertonic of greater concentration
hypotonic less concentration
extracellular fluid makes up how much of the total body water 1/3
extracellular fluid transports water, nutrients, oxygen, waste
extracellular fluid is regulated by renal, metabolic and neurologic factors
extracellular fluid contains a lot of sodium
intravascular fluid is in the blood vessels
intravascular fluid consist of plasma and fluid within blood cells
intravascular fluid contains large amounts of protein and electrolytes
interstitial fluid is found in the space surrounding cells
interstitial fluid contains high amounts of sodium
transcellular fluid includes aqueous humor, gastrointestinal secretions and fluid in the urinary system and lymphatics
intracellular fluids make up what amount of total body fluid 2/3
intracellular fluid is found in cells
most cell walls are permeable to water
intracellular fluid is high in potassium
osmotic pressure within vessels help keep fluid from leaking out into the interstitial spaces
filtration the movement of water and suspended substances outward through the mebrane
pumping action of the heart creates hydostatic pressure
hydrostatic pressure pressure exerted by fluid
hydrostatic pressure causes fluid to press out on vessels promoting filtration
hydrostatic pressure forces the movement of water and electrolytes through the capillary wall to the interstitial fluid
active transport requires energy
active transport moves molecules into cells regardless of electrical charge or concentration in the cell
energy source for active transport adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
atp is produced during metabolic processes in the body's cells
enzyme reactions metabolize carbon chains of sugar, fatty acids and amino acids
enzyme reaction creat carbon dioxide, water and high energy phosphate bonds
active transport can move amino acids, glucose, iron, hydrogen, sodium, potassium, calcium
healthy kidneys regulate fluid and electrolyte balance
how do kidneys regulate fluid and electrolytes by regulating the volume and composition of ECF
water follows what sodium
those at risk of deficient fluid volume
what happens when there is too little water in the plasma water is drawn out of the cells by osmosis to equalize the concentration and the cells shrivels
turgor degree of elasticity
locations to test turgor abdomen, forearm, sternum, forehead, thigh
signs of dehydration weight loss and dark or limited urine output
signs of dehydration in infants sunken eyeballs, depressed anterior fontanel
what can cause excess fluid volume IV fluids given too quickly, tap water enemas, drinking too much, impaired elimination
signs of overhydration weight gain, crackles in lungs, slow bounding pulse, elevated blood pressure, edema
hypervolemia excessive blood volume
hypovolemia causes elevation in BP
edema excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid
why would a PT with deficient fluid volume have edema severe protein deficiency
excessive fluid tends to accumulate where in the ambulatory PT lower extremities
in the bed ridden pt fluid accumulates where sacral region
dependent edema fluid accumulations in certain areas
generalized edema occurs when excess interstitial fluid is spread throughout the body
generalized edema is most visible where hands and face
causes for generalized edema kidney failure, heart failure, liver failure, hormonal disorders, overproduction of aldosterone and adh
causes of local edema infection of injury (inflammation)
what combines to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) water and carbon dioxide
what does carbonic acid (H2CO3) break down into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions
normal serum PH is 7.35 - 7.45
death may occur if serum pH is below ____ or above ____ 6.8 or 7.8
bicarbonate is important in maintaining acid-base balance
normal rance of bicarbonate (HCO3-) 22-26 mEq/L
bicarbonate acts as a buffer to neutralize acid
bicarbonate to carbonic acid ratio should be 20:1
what secretes and absorbs carbonic acid kidneys
three control mechanisms for pH blood buffers, lungs, kidneys
how long for the kidneys to regulate pH 3 days
the blood buffer system contains weak acids and weak bases
buffer pairs monitored in clinical settings bicarbonate and carbonic acid
weak acids do not release free H+
the other blood buffers protein buffers and phosphate buffers
blood buffers do no remove acid or base from body
the lungs can change hydrogen and bicarbonate ions by reversing the dissociation reaction to reform water and carbon dioxide
in acid control what do kidney enzymes do promote the dissociation of carbonic acid to free hydrogen ions
the kidneys reduce the acid content of the serum by exchangin hydrogen for sodium using aldosterone
the kidneys can neutralize acids by combing them with ammonia and other chemicals
when there is excess alkali the kidneys help by excreting excess bicarbonate
how do you determine an acid base imbalance exist arterial blood gas analysis
what does blood gas analysis measure arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2) and bicarbonate ion
what kind of sample is needed for blood gas analysis arterial blood
increase in hydrogen ions results in acidosis
decrease in hydrogen ions results in alkalosis
initial change in carbon dioxide is the result of respiratory disorder
disorders that show an initial change in bicarbonate ions are metabolic
causes of respiratory acidosis hypoventilation, congestion or obstruction
things that can create the causes of respiratory acidosis COPD, severe pneumonia, excessive sedation, respiratory muscle weakness, opiods
signs and symptoms of resp. acidosis hypoventilation, dyspnea, anxiety, confusion
arterial blood gas values for respiratory acidosis pH <7.35 PaCO2 > 45 mm Hg
Metabolic acidosis can be caused by shock, diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, renal failure, diarrhea, starvation
signs and symptoms of metabolic acidosis kussmaul respiration, headache, confusion, malaise
arterial blood gas for metabolic acidosis pH < 7.35 HCO3 < 22 mEq/L
Respiratory alkalosis is caused by hyperventilation, mechanical ventilation
signs and symptoms of respiratory alkalosis hyperventilation, confusion, lighheadedness
Arterial blood gas values for respiratory alkalosis pH > 7.45 PaCO2 < 35 mm Hg
metabolic acidosis causes vomiting, gastric suction, hypokalemia, diuretics, antacids, bicarbonate, mineralocorticoids
signs and symptoms of metabolic acidosis hypoventilation, confusion, nubness, tingling, decreased LOC
arterial blood gas for metabolic acidosis pH > 7.45 HCO3 > 26 mEq/L
lactic acidosis is most commonly caused by poor tissue perfusion in states such as shock
evidence that the compensatory mechanisms are at work in metabolic acidosis deep rapid breathing, urine with low pH
hyperventilation is caused by high fever, overdose of aspirin, head injury, anxiety
most common cause of metabolic alkalosis diuretics
hypokalemia is associated with what pH imbalnace metabolic alkalosis
irritability of the nervous system occurs with what pH imbalance alkalosis
effects of alkalosis restlessness, muscle twitching, tingling and numbness in fingers, tetany, seizures, coma
tetany severe muscle cramps, carpopedal spasms, laryngeal spasms, stridor
average urine volume for adult 1500 mL
in stressful situations urine may_______ because of decrease increase in aldosterone and ADH
urine concentration is measured by specific gravity
concentration of urine is compared with specific gravity of distilled water
what is the specific gravity of distilled water 1.000
urine contains urea and electrolytes
urine specific gravity average 1.010 -1.025
weight gain or loss of 1 kg inticates gain or loss of 1L of fluid
pulse rate of what is an early sign of decreased vascular volume > 100 bpm
potassuim and magnesuim deficits may cause irregular pulse rate
signs of excess fluid in the lungs from fluid overload moist respiratory sounds in the absence of cardiac or respiratory disease
fluid overload changes BP by raising systolic pressure
severe fluid deficit decreases blood flow to the brain
imbalances in sodium have direct effects on brain volume and mental function
average urine output in 24 hrs 1000-1500 mL
potassium should not be given if urine output is less than 30 mL/h
Created by: katt3y
Popular Nursing sets

 

 



Voices

Use these flashcards to help memorize information. Look at the large card and try to recall what is on the other side. Then click the card to flip it. If you knew the answer, click the green Know box. Otherwise, click the red Don't know box.

When you've placed seven or more cards in the Don't know box, click "retry" to try those cards again.

If you've accidentally put the card in the wrong box, just click on the card to take it out of the box.

You can also use your keyboard to move the cards as follows:

If you are logged in to your account, this website will remember which cards you know and don't know so that they are in the same box the next time you log in.

When you need a break, try one of the other activities listed below the flashcards like Matching, Snowman, or Hungry Bug. Although it may feel like you're playing a game, your brain is still making more connections with the information to help you out.

To see how well you know the information, try the Quiz or Test activity.

Pass complete!
"Know" box contains:
Time elapsed:
Retries:
restart all cards