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Ch18 - Gilded Age
help to study for upcoming test in multiple ways
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe the term Industrialization. | Saw an increase in factory output, new inventions, increased immigration and growth of cities and a period where businessmen gained increasing amounts of wealth and the poor dug deeper into poverty. |
| what is Vertical Integration? | When one company controls all of the production functions of a product. |
| what is Horizontal Integration? | When one company monopolizes one industry by merging or buying out other companies. |
| technological advances of the late 1800s | Telephone, electric light bulb, radio, electricity (alternating current), assembly line production, vacuum cleaner... among others |
| Describe the term “nativism.” How could this have been a problem for new immigrants arriving? | It is favoring the interests and culture of native-born inhabitants over those who immigrated. This created great discrimination and bias towards immigrants. |
| What countries had immigrants emigrated from to the United States? | countries from Southern and Eastern Europe, especially Italy, Poland, and Russia, countries. Countries like Japan, Italy, and China also saw an influx of immigration to the US during this time. |
| Describe the neighborhoods that immigrants lived in when moving into cities.. | Immigrants lived in poor living conditions, often in places called tenements. These conditions were so poor, social activist and muckraking journalist Jacob Riis captured photographs of the conditions and exposed it to the American public. |
| explain what the Naturalization Act of 1870. | federal law that created a system of controls for the naturalization process and penalties for fraudulent practices |
| What is a “Robber Baron”? | A businessman who acquired a fortune in the late 19th Century by ruthless means. |
| What is a "Captain of Industry"? | a business leader whose means of amassing a personal fortune contributed positively to the country in some way. This may have been through increased productivity, expansion of markets, providing more jobs, or acts of philanthropy. |
| Describe Social Darwinism. | The fittest and wealthiest survive, the weak and poor perish and government action is unable to alter this natural process. |
| The majority of immigrants came through what ports? | Ellis Island and Angel Island |
| What were the Knights of Labor? | the first major labor organization in the United States, they organized unskilled and skilled workers, campaigned for an 8-hour workday, aspired to form a cooperative society in which laborers owned the industries in which they worked. |
| What was the American Federation of Labor (AFL)? | organized skilled workers into national unions consisting of others in the same trade. they were not political, and aimed at shorter hours, higher wages, and better working conditions. |
| Thomas Edison’s lab was in what New Jersey town? | Menlo Park, NJ |
| Describe the conditions that’s workers had to endure during this time. | Most immigrants were paid low wages working in sweatshops. Women faced harassment in the workplace. Safety regulations were poor. Child labor practices were widespread. |
| What new groups entered the workforce during this time period? | Immigrants, women, and children |
| What was the Great Migration, and what was the cause and why was it so significant? | mvmnt of 1000s of AfrAmer's from the South to Nrthrn cities to find work in industrial areas. Segregation & the lack of economic opportunities caused it & paved way for Afr. Amer's that would lead to the Civil Rights Mvmnt by confronting injustices |
| What were different leisure activities that sprung up during this time period? | baseball games, beach activities, amusement parks, cinemas, circus, music halls, pubs |
| How did the social classes differ when it came to leisure activities? | The upper class would partake in many American hobbies and pastime activities that most in poverty and lower class could not afford. |
| What was the Great Uprising and what was the outcome? | B&O Railroad companies began to cut wages for its workers multiple times thru-out the year & finally workers began to strike. It proved workers could cooperate with one another across ethnic and racial lines. In the end, the strikes accomplished little. |
| What is the Bessemer process? | the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel. |
| What was the rationale for families sending their children into the workplace? | Working class families needed the additional income from the children. They would often times lie about their children's ages to get them past child labor laws. |
| Who were the 5 Captains of Industry and what industry did they pioneer? | Rockefeller – Oil Carnegie – Steel Vanderbilt – Railroads Ford – Automobiles, Assembly line production J.P. Morgan – Banking |
| What was the main idea behind Andrew Carnegie’s “Gospel of Wealth”? | Hard work leads to wealth and poverty is a character flaw. The wealthy had an obligation to the poor through philanthropy to "cure" the "bad habits" of the poor. |
| Who was Jacob Riis and why was he significant? | Immigrants lived in poor living conditions, often in places called tenements. These conditions were so poor, social activist and muckraking photojournalist Jacob Riis captured images of the conditions and exposed it to the American public. |
| Describe the Homestead Strike and the effects that it had on labor. | Carnegie’s plant in PA wanted to negotiate with individual workers & not the union. Workers did not comply & were locked out of the plant guarded by armed guard & were replaced by “scab” workers. Violence ensued with some fatalities, and the union failed |
| How was the workplace different during this period? What changed? | Factories started to use electricity. Many workers were getting used to being on a "time clock" for the first time. Machines were becoming more prevalent. |
| What was the purpose of Jane Addams' Hull House? | it wanted to moderate the effects of poverty and help recent immigrants by providing social and educational opportunities for them in the surrounding neighborhood. |
| Great Uprising involved many famous figures including... | Carnegie, Jay Gould, Vanderbilt - all men who owned railroad companies experiencing strikes |
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mrmiklosey
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