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TExES ESL 154*
Study material for TExES 154 Supp. Certification
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is lexical application | academic application |
| What is competency 001 | fundamental language concepts and knows the structure and conventions of the English language. |
| What are fundamental English language concepts | basic English rules |
| What are conventions of English | Generally accepted usage |
| ELLs must first do what | learn the fundamental English language concepts, know the structure of the English language, know the conventions of English |
| To find the ELLs proficiency level the teacher must | informally assess the student's prior knowledge and skills through simple oral discourse |
| The nativist theory is | language is acquired by because we are internally wired with the ability and begin to speak as soon as we are exposed to language. |
| The behaviorist theory is | language is learned by reinforcements by caregivers |
| Social cognitive and social cultural theory is | learn language through continuous social interaction and adult and peer modeling |
| When a student is adding "ed" to words too much this is called | Overgeneralization |
| When the new language unconsciously and automatically comes to the learner this ex. stop sign is called | Language acquistion |
| When a learner studies the language to learn it this is called | learned knowledge |
| These programs seek to override anxiety factors | accelerated language programs |
| what are some examples of accelerated language programs | play games, sing songs |
| Allows students to wait a short time to participate in english, this may last for several months | silent period |
| The teacher considers the student's ability level to comprehend input and adds one level above | input hypothesis, comprehensible input |
| The input hypothesis uses | the zone of proximity plus one level |
| what the learner can actually understand what is presented to them in all discourse | comprehensible input |
| linguistic instruction | include interaction with english speaking errors, regroup students often so they interact with wide range of different levels of ELLs or native speakers |
| sheltered english | used to make academic content instruction in English understandable to ESL studetns, teacher combines cognitively challenging instruction with english and focus on social development, teachers use physical and visual aids |
| reciprocal teaching | takes place in form of dialogue between teachers and students using segments of text structured by summarizing, questions generating, clarifying, and predicting, teacher and students take turns assuming roles |
| audiolingual | grammar drills, stems from behaviorist theory |
| communicative approach (functional approach) | language is acquired through exposure to meaningful and understandable messages rather than foraml study of frammer and vocab |
| community language learning (participating approach) | great for older learners who are afraid of looking foolish, teacher a language counselor student a client, students define their needs based on their real world lives |
| cooperative learning groups | hetergenous group varying in levels |
| language experience approach (LEA) | student dictates as the teacher writes down |
| the natural approach | combines acquisition and formal learning as a means of facilitating language development in adults |
| suggestopedia | teachers use visualizations, games, play, taking on a persona, relaxation, music, room decorations |
| total physical response (TPR) | teacher assesses understanding by the learner's physical respnse to the teacher's directions |
| factors that affect ESL student's reading comprehension | vocab text structures (cultural references, prior knowledge) |
| How can teachers help with the factors that affect the ESL student's reading comprehension | establishing a purpose for reading and listening, retelling and acting out the story, helping learners to make inferences |
| The ESL teacher should be | working on developing CALPS, engaging critical thinking, providing cooperative group work, listening critically to interp and evaluate, use multi types of strategies, aware that cognitive learning skills, aware that cognitive learning skills transfer |
| instructional delivery strategies | pre-teaching key vocab, applying familar concepts from students cultural backgrounds, applying prior learning experiences to new learners, using hands on media and technology |
| - Level? little ability to understand english in simple conversations, slowing of speech, uses gestures, struggles with english vocab, remains silent when not comprehending, expands vocab through listening opportunities | Beginning Level |
| - Level? Increase in accuracy and fluency, comprehend simple and high frequency spoken English, still require ESL techniques in unfamiliar topics, may ask speaker to slow down repeat or rephrase | Intermediate Level |
| - Level? - Level?Can comprehend grade level spoken English, able to create clarify critique and evaluate ideas and responses, need processing time and esl techniques to support and comprehend some details and non modified info | Advanced Level |
| - Level? understand with very minimal support and with little need for processing time or ESL support, needs help with complex academics and in specialized language, comparable to native speakers in social and instructional contexts | Advanced High Level |
| This requires....ELLs in grades K-12 must be tested in English language proficiency annually in reading, writing, and speaking | No Child Left Behind ACT |
| This charts student's achievement | Texas English Language Proficiency Assessment System (TELPAS) |
| This recommends ELLs identification, placement, and exit in bilingual/ESL programs | Language Proficiency Assessment Committe (LPAC) |
| How many times does the LPAC meet for each student | once per year |
| How many ELLs are required for an bilingual program | 20 or more students at one grade level in a district |
| Each student must return what from home within 4 weeks | a home language survey that the parents must mark English at not their home language |
| Who is offered placement in the ESL program | Any student having dominance in any other language besides English |
| Do all students in the ESL require parental permission | Yes |
| What do students have to do to exit the ESL/bilingual program | they must pass the ELA portion of the STAAR and have parental permission to exit |
| After existing the ESL/Bilingual program what happens | the LPAC follows the student for 2 years |
| What is the Nationality Act of 1906 | passed to make sure english would be learned, later judged unconstituational |
| What provided funds for bilingual/ESL programs | Bilingual Education Act 1968 |
| What established rules to determine when districts must implement ESL/bilingual programs | Lau vs. Nichols Act 1974 |
| What program has students leaving at the earliest possible time, seen as remedial, support the ELL for 1-4 years | Early Exit, transitional |
| What program is usually recommended and enriches the L1 | Late Exit, maintenance |
| What program has the ESL teacher for all subjects, pull out-students taken out of regular classrooms for ESL instruction in ELa | Self contained |
| What program supports newly arrived immigrants and is short termed | Newcomer center |
| What programs has the L1 rarely used, only used to clarify English instruction | Immersion |
| What program is bilingual intro speaking one language | One way dual language |
| What program uses native English speakers and ELLs placed together with 1/2 the day in L1 and 1/2 in L2, seen as very promising | Dual language |
| What program maximizes lessons taught in English using ESL techniques | Structured English Immersion |
| What program has ELLs placed in regular classrooms with little or no instructional modifications | Submersion |
| Language is systematic meaning it | has rules |
| Language is generative meaning it | changes, is flexible, accepts new words all the time |
| Phonology is the | system of sounds |
| Allophones are | letters or combinations of letters that make the same sound...ex.. c and k |
| Morphology is the | level of words |
| Semantics is the | meaning, can refer to simple understanding of what a word means |
| Cognates are words | related through the same origin...latin roots for english/spanish. the closer the language the more likely there will be cognates |
| Syntax is the | sentence structure, grammer- how a word functions in a sentence...blessed can be a verb or an adjective |
| Pragmatics is the | use of language in social context |
| Lexicon refers to | one's vocabulary or dictionary |
| Orthography is a | spelling, writing system, an alphabet |
| I will go a la casa de mi tia is | code switching |
| I want a taco is | language borrowing |
| Linguistic Interference from native language | if a sound/letter/structure does not exist in your native language, it is the hardest thing to hear/learn |
| Language variety which is determined neither horizontally nor vertically but according to its communicative functions. Includes oral and written mediums. Most speakers of any given language speak more than one register of a language | registers |
| similar to the way children acquire their native language, subconscious process, informal | acquisition |
| explicit presentation of rules and grammar, classroom instruction, formal | learning |
| ESL students acquire language by comprehending what is being communicated | the input hypothesis |
| anxiety, good self image, and interest and motivation are are elements of | the affective filter hypothesis |
| There are affective elements that seem to affect the acquisition of language | anxiety- a lower level of anxiety is desired good self image- avoid corrections and embarrassing situations for the student Interest and motivation-provide meaningful activities based on the student's motivation and cultural background |
| This acquirers not learners internalize grammatical structures in a predictable order | the natural order hypothesis |
| natural order hypothesis | certain grammatical structures or morphemes are acquired before others in first language acquisition, and a similar natural order is found in second language acquisition |
| Those who are acquiring language begin a process of monitoring their language through conscious corrections is the.. | The Monitor Hypothesis |
| monitor hypothesis | errors and error correction are both signs of developmental processes (growth) |
| Students should not be forced to communicate is part of | the silent period |
| silent period | students should be allowed to build up linguistic competence by active listening via the comprehensive input |
| BICS | Basic, Interpersonal, Communication, and Skills |
| CALP | Cognitive, Academic, Language, and Proficiency |
| According to Cummins students develop BICS | approx. within 3 years after initial exposure to the new language |
| Accords to Cumms students develop CALP | within 5-7 years, without ESL methods. This process can be accelerated with the use of appropriate ESL teaching methodology |
| BICS is | Social, language used to communicate in everyday situations, context embedded language, takes 1-2 years for L2 to reach L1 |
| CALP is | Academic language, language used to develop higher order thinking skills, context reduced language, takes 5-7 years for L2 to reach L1 |
| The language skills that newcomer students need can be divided into two categories | receptive and production skills |
| the two receptive skills are | listening and reading |
| The two production skills are | speaking and writing |
| Students use production skills when they | use language to express themselves and their thinking |
| Listening, speaking, reading, and writing develop | simultaneously |
| Students need opportunities to | develop all of their language abilities through different modalities and technologies |
| Spoken fluency cannot be taught directly | it emerges naturally |
| Language acquisition is influenced by | age, motivation/attitude, L1 proficiency, general intelligence, previous schooling, amount of exposure to language, availability of language models |
| What are types of motivation in SLA | Instrumental motivation (survival--making a living), Integrative Motivation (meeting new people and cultures) |
| Instrumental motivation often results in | subtractive bilingualism |
| Integrative motivation often results in | additive bilingualism |
| learning a second langauage at the cost of losing that first one. | Subtractive Bilingualism |
| learning a second language while maintaining the first one | additive bilingualism |
| According to the Commissioner's Rules teachers must support students by addressing what needs | affective, cognitive, and linguistic |
| The greatest motivation for any students to learn a second language is the desire to live in fellowship with those individuals that speak that language | affective support |
| Affective support includes | anxiety free learning situation, valued native language and culture, advocacy for right, opportunities for success |
| How do you meet the affective needs for your ells | find out what they already know and build on that, allow them to use their native language when necessary and even teach others about their native language and culture, advocate for their rights |
| Cognitive support includes | comprehensible input, learning and meta cognitive strategies, TEKS in english and in the content areas, higher level thinking skills |
| How do I meet the cognitive needs of my ells | have high expectations, speak slowly enunciate clearly and don't use idioms without explaining them, make connections between concepts and vocab, teach students valuable study skills and thinking strategies, modify lessons |
| Linguistic support includes | research based language instruction, meaningful interactions with more proficient english speakers, instruction designed for level proficiency, explicit vocab instruction |
| how do i meet the linguistic needs of my ells | understand the language learning process and design instruction/questioning techniques and acceptable student responses for their proficiency level, expand and elaborate on what students are saying, increase interaction in class by grouping, correct error |
| What is language proficiency | level of skill student demonstrates in a language, ability to understand messages, ability to express meaning effectively, ability to use language fluently across a variety of contexts, ability to self correct |
| Group students homogenously to | work on specific strategies that they may need due to their L1 |
| Group students heterogeneously to | provide them with an expert to learn from (i plus 1) |
| Semantic | student uses prior knowledge and experience to make sense of the content |
| Syntactic (structural) | student uses knowledge of grammer to decide if a word is correct |
| Graphophonic (visual) | student refers to letters and may make one or more sounds in the word, decides if word is visually correct |
| Students at this level are typically new to English language, they have minimal ability to derive meaning from English text, they generally understand very little English and tend to read very slowly and word by word | Beginning Level of Reading Proficiency |
| to figure out the meaning, these readers rely heavily on previous knowledge of the topic at hand, the very limited number of English words and phrases they have learned, and information from picture | Beginning Level of Reading Proficiency |
| comprehension quickly breaks down when they try to read texts written for non LEP students at their grade level | Beginning Level of Reading Proficiency |
| For student at the beginning level of reading proficiency you should focus on | context clues, comprehension, repetition, patterns, "safe way" to hear correct pronunciation (echo reading, choral reading, read alouds, read along centers) |
| somewhat larger English vocab, basic sense of the structure of the English language, but tend to interp text literally & have difficulty following story lines that have a twist | intermediate reading proficiency |
| still rely heavily on what they already know about a topic to confirm meaning and increase comprehension and pictures that illustrate meaning are still a needed support | Intermediate reading proficiency |
| can read and understand simple texts on familiar topics with some success, although they still have difficulty with materials for native speakers | intermediate reading proficiency |
| fairly functional readers of english, their english reading vocab is much larger now | advanced reading proficiency |
| students that can read longer, more complex texts because they are familiar with the structure of the english language and use this knowledge effectively to construct meaning | advanced reading proficiency |
| can understand texts that introduce them to topics they know little about, & they can move beyond literal comprehension to apply more abstract and critical thinking skills as they read. d | Advanced Reading Proficiency |
| Students at this level may still have difficulty with certain words and structures as compared to their native English-speaking peers, but with assistance they can usually understand materials written for their grade level. | Advanced Reading Proficiency |
| While working with Advanced reading proficiency students you should focus on | academic language, mechanics, HOTS, new genres, using "mentor texts" |
| While teaching reading DONT | ask the student to read aloud for purpose of testing comprehension, don't worry about "native sounding" pronunciation |
| For spelling instruction you want to focus on | patterns in language |
| Who serves on an LPAC on Bilingual Ed campuses? 4 members or more Campus admin 2 professional educators {1 bilingual; 1 ESL/Gen Ed} Parent of LEP student {non-employee} | 4 members or more, campus administrator, 2 professional educators- 1 bilingual 1 esl or gen ed, and a parent of a lep ( not employed by district) |
| Who serves on an LPAC on ESL campuses | 2 members or more- 1 or more professional personnel recommended that it be campus administrator and esl teacher, parent of lep student no employed by district |
| What does an LPAC do | review all pertinent info of lep students upon enrollment and at the end of the school year |
| the lpac checks for | home language survey, assessments, standardized achievement test scores, classroom grades, number of years enrolled in school, mastery of teks |
| Lpacs do | determine identification of student as lep or nonlep, give written notice to parents, recommend program placement, collect documentation, ensure testing guidelines, monitor students after exiting |
| What are the stages of acculturation | euphoria, culture shock, tentative recovery, assimilation or adaptation |
| what does acculturation mean | the process of becoming adjusted to another culture |
| students experience excitement about being in the new environment | euphoria |
| students experience the intrusion of the new culture, depression, irritability, and difficulty in adjustment may occur | culture shock |
| students experience acceptance or recovery from the initial culture shock. language proficiency increases and students feel more confident | tentative recovery |
| students experience either adaptation or assimilation of the new culture with renewed self confidence | assimilation or adaptation |
| What are some ways teacher can lessen that culture shock immigrants may experience | value students' home culture and language, advocate for student and family right, teacher lessons that may teach more than just content but cultural issues as well |
| How can you help parents work with their children at home | encourage them to use their native language, tv in english can help with vocab, students can help parents in many ways that will teach them skills they will use in school--measuring (cooking) |
| Points to or provides other non verbal responses, avtively listens, responds to commands, may be reluctant to speak, utters one to two words, understands more than can produce, use body language to show understanding, use present tense | Beginning Student Behavior |
| Gestures, use TRP, Language focuses on conveying meaning, repetition, doesn't force to speak, write key words on board, use technology | Sample Teacher Behaviors for Beginning Stage Students |
| Point to the.., find the, put the next to the, do you have this, is this a, who wants the, who has the | Questioning Techniques for the Beginning Stage Student |
| Student may be able to draw or create models, label item in the room, copy notes from the board, make lists, choral reading | Ways to get the beginning stage student involved |
| Understand routine directions and short simple conver., identify key words, seek clarificationin english, express simple messages and participate, demonstrate awareness of english grammer, limited reading comprehension, still struggle with some sounds | Sample Intermediate stage student behavior |
| ask questions that can be answered by yes or no, models correct responeses, ensures a supportive environment, doesn't overly call attention to grammar, provides background knowledge, play games | Sample teach behaviors for intermediate stage students |
| Yes/no, either/or, one word respeones, general questions which encourage lists of words, two word responses | Questioning Techniques for intermediate stage students |
| Student may be able to repeat or echo readings, act out, teach classmates words in L1, write journal entries, use "cloze" techniques | Ways to get the intermediate stage student involved |
| Will commit errors that show interference from L1, Communicate best when reading and writing topics are highly familiar and concrete, writing shows repetition of ideas | Sample intermediate level of student behaviors |
| Participate in small group activities, demonstrates comprehension, speaks in short phrases, begins to use language freely, has grasp of basic grammar features, overgeneralize, know enough L2 to develop and demonstrate elements of grade level writing w/mod | Sample Advanced level of student behaviors |
| Focuses on key concepts, provides frequent comprehension checks, uses center or performance based assessment, uses expanded vocab, ask open eneded questions | Sample teacher behavior for advanced level students |
| Why, how, how is this like that, tell me about, describe, talk about, how would you change this part | Questioning Techniques for advanced level students |
| Student may be able to be the scribe or reporter for a group, contribute more to class discussions especially after "think/pair/share" or other small group interactions | Ways to get advanced level students involved |
| Participates in reading and writing activities, understand longer directions, rarely require the speaker to repeat, use english at level near natives, written errors are minor and usually low frequency words, ability to decode and understand grade level | Sample behavior of advanced high level students |
| fosters conceptual development and expanded literacy through content, continues to make lessons comprehensible and interactive, teaches organizations thinking and study skills, continues to be alert to individual difference in lang and culture | Sample Teacher behaviors for advanced high level students |
| What would you recommend, how do you think this story will end, what is the story mainly about, what is your opinion on this matter, describe, how are these similar, what would happen if, which do you prefer | Questioning Techniques for advanced high level students |
| students may be able to teach the class about his home country, demonstrate or model ways of solving math problems in L1 country, interview others, work in small and large group and participate fully in all class activities | Ways to get Advanced level students involved |
| reading of difficult classical texts is begun early, little attention is paid to the content of texts which are treated as exercises in grammatical analysis | grammar transltion method |
| often the only drills are exercises in translating disconnected sentences from the target language into the L1, little or no attention is given to prnunciation | Grammar Translation method |
| Classroom instruction is conducted exclusively in the L2, only everyday vocab and sentenses are taught, oral communication skills are built up in a carefully graded progression organized around q&a exhanges between teachers and students in small classes | Direct method |
| grammar is taught inductivly, new teaching points are introduced orally, concrete vocab is taught through demo., objective, and pictures, abstract vocab is taught by association of ideas | direct method |
| both speech and listening comprehension are taught, correct pronunciation and grammar are emphasized, emphasis is on natural language acquisition | direct method |
| involved demonstration by teacher on role playing through active use of pictures, films, tapes, and other visuals, stress is placed on total immersion in L1 with no use of L1 | Direct method |
| new material is pressent in dialogue form, there is no dependence on mimicy, momorizations of set phrases and over learning | audio-lingual method |
| structures are sequenced by means of contrastive analysis and taught one at a time, structural patterns are taught using repetitive drills | audio lingual method |
| little or no grammatical explanation, grammar is taught by inductive analogy rather than deductive explanation | audio lingual method |
| vocab is strictly limited and learned in content, there is much use of tape, language labs, and visual aids, great importance is attached to pronunciations | audio lingual mehtod |
| very little use of L1 by teachers is permitted, successful responses are immediately reinforced, great effort to get students to produce error free uteterances, tendency to manipulate language and disregard content | audio lingual method |
| learning is facilittated if the learner discovers or creathers rather than repeats what is to be learned, accompanying physical objects, and by problem solving involving the material to be learned | silent way |
| emphasis is placed on childlike experimentation with the L2, there is a strong use of L2 in explanations and discussions, encourages lack of inhibition and natural langauage acquisition, authority figure decides instructional program | suggestopedia |
| use of music and highly suggestive materials, breathing techniques for relaxation, games and hands on activities, and role playing | suggestopedia |
| useful for both adults and children in early stages of l2, teacher gives commands and models the physical movement to carry out the command, focus is on listening and comprehension by responding to commands with appropriate physical movement in early sta | Total physical response |
| Adds body movements to the acquisition of structures and vocab, estrablishes a relationship between student and teacher, the learner moves through levels of competency described as no knowing, to value, to self worth, to wholeness | total physical response |
| hopefully the learner becomes a member of a learning community that words together as a cohort of learners of the l2 | total physical response |
| focus is on academic skills in the content areas, supported by cognitive theorists, useful for esl students that have developed baisic interpersonal communications skills | cognitive academic language learning approach |
| useful for foreign students who have developed CALP in their L1 and need assistance in transferring concepts and skills to the L2 | Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach |
| Emphasis is on the generality of the acquistion process, techniques fovus on providing context in the classroom for natural language acqusition to occur in order to acquire the max comprehensible input | natural approach |
| emphasis is place on speech through the creations of loq anxiety situations, recognizes the difference between bics and calp | natural approach |
| compilation of many research based L2 acquistion methods, content and language objectives are included in each lesson, language is taught through content area instruction, not as a seperate subject | sheltered instruction |
| uses hands on activities, graphic organizers, visuals, realia, modeling, cooperative learning as tools for effective learning, HOTS are included and key | sheltered instruction |
| teacher listens to get to know the students and begins to dialogue then moves to action, students are taught how to confront the forces in life to keep them passive, students challenge power structures | critical pedagogy |
| teachers are careful not to impose their own worldview, tacher and students communicate as co learners drama, role play provides a physical and emotional context for learns to acquire l2, placting enables leraners to take risks that they wouldn't | critical pedagogy |
| work to low the affective filter, enable students to use l2 in meaningful and purposeful ways to facilitate acquisition | games |
| enable students to practice the rhythm, intonation and natural nuances of language, music reduces the affective filter, rhythm and music failitate the memorization of words, images, and ideas | jazz chants |
| How is Title 3 Part A funding determined | 80% of funds based on number of LEP students and 20% based on the number of immigrant students |
| Does Title 3, part A have a supplement, not supplant requirement | Yes, funds must be used to supplement and not supplant and other federal, state, or local funds. They cannot be used to fund programs that are required by state law |
| With the understanding that the funds are supplemental how may an LEA use title 3 part a funds | increase the english proficiency of LEP children by providing high quality language instruction educational programs that are based on scientifically based research deonstrating the effectiveness of the programs |
| may titale 3 part a funds be used for administration | yes, an LEA is restricted to no more than 2% of its funds |
| If the LEA has experienced a significant increase in the % and # of immigrant children and receives addional funds because of this increase, how is its prgram affected | The LEA will indicate the application of additional and supplemental activities and servies provided with program funds |
| A LEP student may be administered a Spanish version of the assessment of academic skills for a maximum of | 3 years |
| immigrant LEP students who have had inadequate schooling outside the US may be eligible for | an exemption from the assessment of acadmic skills not to exceed 3 years |
| advanced high on the state administered English language proficiency assessment in reading during the student's first year of enrollment in US schools is | not eligible for an exemption |
| immigrant student may be granted a LEP exemption if the LPAC determines that the student has | not had the schooling outside the US |
| the immigrant student who schooling outside the US was inadequate and for whom a primary language assessment is not available me | be granted a LEP exemption |
| A LEP student who parent or guardian has declined the services required is | not eligible for an exemption |
| what are the steps for decision making for students in esl programs | review schooling outside us, determine and monitor instructional interventions, examine current year's progress, make and document assessment decision |
| theory that both acquistion of l1 and l2 can contribute to underlying language proficiency underlying both languages, given adequate motivation and exposure to both, within school or environment | additive model/common underlying proficiency |
| optimal input occurs when the affective filter is love. a screen of emotion that can block language acquisition or leaning if it keeps the users from being too self conscious or too embarrassed to take risks during communicative exchanges | affective filter |
| non communicative approach that involves heavy use of mimicry, imitation and drill. speech and not writin is emphasized. | audio lingual method |
| those that are cognitively undemanding and include known idea, vocab, and syntax. aspects of communication that are used daily in routine communicative exchanges | BICS |
| compensatory program to support education programs, train teachers, develop and disseminate instructional materials and encourage parental involvement in program. | Bilingual education act |
| skills that are necessary literacy obtainment and academic success. endables students to have academic, analytical converstaion and to independently acquire factual information | CALP |
| teaching approach where negotiation for meaning is critical the teacher becomes a faciliato, collaborative learning and peer interaction is important, students and teacher select and organize curriculum | communicative approaches |
| communicative approach that focuses on the whole learner, starts with the individual then expands to group and includes music, art, and physical activity | humanistic approach |
| pioneered cognitive approach to understanding language acquisition. mind contains language acquistion that generates rules through the unconscious acquistion of grammer | noam chomsky |
| the general study of how context affects the users interpretation of language | pragmatics |
| the study of meanings of individual words and or larger units such as phrases and sentences | semantics |
| the study of the sentence patterns of a language and rules that govern the correctness of a sentence | syntax |
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