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Chapter 1 APHG
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Human Geography | One of the two major divisions of geography; the spatial analysis of human phenomena; including population, cultures, activities, and landscapes. |
| Geography | The study of the spaces and places people create on the ground and in their minds, and the ways in which people use and shape the environment. |
| Globalization | A set of processes that are increasing interactions, deepening relationships, and accelerating connectedness across country borders. |
| Fieldwork | Observations researchers make of physical and cultural landscapes with a focus on seeing similarities and differences. |
| Patterns | Description of the spatial distribution of a human or physical phenomenon. (ex: scattered or concentrated) |
| Physical Geography | The study of the spatial and material characteristics of the physical environment. |
| Spatial Distribution | Physical locations of geographic phenomena, usually shown on a map. |
| Pandemic | An outbreak of a disease that spreads to a worldwide level. |
| Epidemic | Widespread, rapid diffusion of disease among a people in a particular location or region at a particular time. |
| Spatial Perspective | Looking at where things occur, why they occur where they do, and how places are interconnected. |
| Geographic Concepts | Mental categories used to organize and analyze the world spacially. |
| Location | The geographical position of people and things on Earth's surface. |
| Absolute Location | The precise location of a place, usually defined by locational coordinates (longitude and latitude). |
| Relative Location | The location of a place or attribute relative to another place or attribute. |
| Location Theory | Understanding the distribution of cities, industries, services, or consumers with the goal of explaining why places are chosen as sites of population or consumption. |
| Human-environment interactions | The relationship between humans and the physical world. |
| Environmental determinism | The idea that individual and collective human behavior is fundamentally affected by, or even controlled by, the physical environment. |
| Hearth | Area or place where an idea, innovation, or technology originates. |
| Possibilism | The choices that a society makes depend on what its members need and on what technology is available to them. (The theory that humans, not environment, shape culture) |
| Carrying Capacity | The idea that land can hold a measurable amount of plant and animal life. |
| Cultural Ecology | Study of the historical interaction between humans and environment in a place, including ways humans have modified and adapted to environment. |
| Political Ecology | An approach to studying human-environment interactions in the context of political, economic, and historical conditions operating at multiple scales. |
| Region | An area of Earth with a degree of similarity that differentiates it from surrounding areas. |
| Formal Region | Area of land with common cultural or physical traits. |
| Cultural Traits | A learned belief, norm, or value passed down through generations in a culture. |
| Functional Region | An area that shares a common purpose in society. |
| Nodes | Places that function as central connecting points for a functional region. |
| Perceptual Region | Images people carry in their minds based on accumulated knowledge of peoples, places, and things. |
| Place | Uniqueness of a location. (one of the five themes of geography) |
| Sense of Place | Infusing a place with meaning as a result of experiences in a place. |
| Vernacular Region | A perceptual region that has such a strong significance to the people in the perceptual region that it becomes the lens through which they see their world and a way people identify themselves. |
| Perception of Place | How a place is envisioned. |
| Movement | The mobility of people, goods, and ideas; an expression of the interconnectedness of places. |
| Diffusion | The spread of an idea, innovation, or technology from its hearth to other people and places. |
| Spatial Interaction | Degree of connectedness or contact among people or places. |
| Distance | The measured physical space between places or things. |
| Accessibility | The ease of reaching one location from another. |
| Connectivity | The degree of of linkage between locations in a network. |
| Expansion Diffusion | An innovation or idea that develops in a hearth and remains strong there while also spreading outward. |
| Contagious Diffusion | When expansion diffusion occurs primarily as a result of person-to-person contact. |
| Hierarchal Diffusion | A type of expansion diffusion that starts with the knowers, those who have already adopted the idea or innovation, and then diffuses through a hierarchy of most linked people or most linked places. |
| Stimulus Diffusion | The process of diffusion where two cultural traits blend to create a distinct trait. |
| Relocation Diffusion | Occurs when an idea or innovation spreads from its hearth by the action of people moving and taking the idea or innovation with them. |
| Cultural Landscape | The visible imprint of human activity on the landscape. |
| Sequent Occupance | Imprints left on the cultural landscape by a series of successive societies. Each society contributed to the cumulative cultural landscape. |
| Scale | Distance on a map compared to the distance on Earth, OR the spatial extent of something. |
| Rescale | Changing the geographical scope at which a problem is addressed by engaging decision makers and gatekeepers at another scale. |
| Context | The bigger picture in which a human or physical geography phenomenon takes place. |
| Cartography | The art and science of making maps. |
| Reference maps | Maps that show locations of places and geographic features. |
| Thematic maps | Maps that tell stories, typically showing the spatial distribution (clustering or dispersal) or movement of people and things. |
| Global Positioning System (GPS) | Satellite-based system for determining the absolute location of places or geographic features. |
| Mental maps | Maps of an area made from memory or experience by individuals or groups. (AKA cognitive maps) |
| Activity spaces | The spaces we move through routinely/ places within the rounds of daily activity. |
| Terra Incognita | Areas on maps that are not well-defined because they are off limits or unknown to the map maker. |
| Remote sensing | A method of collecting data or information through instruments that are physically distant from the area of study. (ex. Satellites) |
| Geographic Information Systems (GIS) | A system of computer hardware and software designed to show, analyze, and represent geographic data (data that have locations). |
| Culture | A group of belief systems, norms, and values practiced by a people. |
| Culture Complex | A group of interrelated cultural traits, such as prevailing dress codes and cooking and eating utensils. |
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Pl251291
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