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Chapter 2
AP Human Geography
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| demography | study of general population trends |
| population density | number of people per unit area of land |
| arithmetic population density | number of people per unit area of land. to calculate: divide the population of an area by the amount of land (in sq miles or sq km) |
| population distribution | description of spatial distribution of people, including where large numbers of people live closely together and where few people live |
| dot maps | thematic map where individual symbols represent a certain number of cases of a phenomenon. for example, a map where one dot represents 100,000 people |
| megalopolis | an urban agglomeration that stretches from Washington, DC in the south to Boston, Massachusetts in the north. |
| natural increase rate | subtracts the crude death rate from the crude birth rate; does not include immigration or emigration |
| crude birth rate (CBR) | number of live births per 1000 people among a population in an area in a year |
| crude death rate (CDR) | number of deaths per 1000 people among a population in an area in a year |
| contraceptive prevalence rate | percent of women who are currently using or have a sexual partner who is using a method of contraception |
| doubling time | time required for a population to double in size |
| total fertility rate (TFR) | the average number of children born to a woman of child-bearing age |
| old-age dependency ratio | number of people 65 years of age or older for every 100 people between the ages of 15-64 (working age population) |
| child dependency ratio | number of people between the ages of 0 and 14 for every 100 people between the ages of 15-64 (working age population) |
| population composition | structure of a population in terms of age, sex, and other properties such as marital status and education |
| population pyramids | a graphic representation of the age and sex composition of a population |
| demographic transition | observation that a country's birth rate and death rate change in predictable ways over stages of economic development. model is based on population change in western Europe |
| zero population growth | a state in which a population is maintained at a constant level because the number of deaths is exactly offset by the number of births |
| infant mortality rate (IMR) | probability per 1000 live births that a child will die before reaching age 1 year |
| life expectancy | on average how long a citizen of a given country can expect to live |
| epidemiological transition | change in the pattern of mortality in a society from high mortality among infants (including malnutrition and diarrheal disease) and periods of widespread famine to high mortality from degenerative diseases which coincide with longer life expectancies |
| infectious diseases | diseases that are spread by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. infectious diseases diffuse directly or indirectly from human to human |
| degenerative diseases | another name for chronic diseases, afflict middle-aged and old-aged people. |
| genetic or inherited diseases | diseases caused by variation or mutation of a gene or group of genes in humans |
| malaria | vectored disease spread by a certain type of mosquitoes. |
| expansive population policies | government policies designed to encourage large families and raise the rate of population growth |
| eugenic population policies | government policies designed to limit population growth among a certain group of people |
| restrictive population policies | government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural population increase (also called antinatalist) |
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zoeweissman
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