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Microbio Rue week 4
Question | Answer |
---|---|
bacteriophage (phage) | a virus that infects bacterial cells |
base substitution | the replacement of a single case in DNA by another base, causing a mutation; also called a point mutation |
donor cell | a cell that gives DNA to a recipient cell during genetic recombination |
gene | a segment of DNA (a sequence of nucleotides in DNA) encoding a functional product |
genetic code | the mRNA codons and the amino acids they encode |
genotype | the genetic makeup of an organism |
mutagen | an agent in the environment that brings about mutations |
phenotype | the external manifestations of an organism’s genotype, or genetic makeup |
repression | the process by which a repressor protein can stop the synthesis of a protein |
recipient cell | a cell that receives DNA from a donor cell during genetic recombination |
Artificial selection | choosing one organism from a population to grow because of their desirable traits |
Biotechnology | the industrial application of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a useful product |
DNA probe | a short, labeled, single strand of DNA or RNA used to located its complementary strand in a quantity of DNA |
Clone | a population of cells arising from a single parent cell |
complimentary DNA (cDNA) | DNA made in vitro from an mRNA template |
DNA sequencing | a process by which the nucleotide sequence of DNA is determined |
Genetic screening | techniques for determining which genes are in a cell’s genome |
Protoplast | a gram-positive bacterium or plant cell treated to remove the cell wall |
recombinant DNA (rDNA) | a DNA molecule produced by combining DNA from two different sources |
transformation | 1. The process in which genes are transferred from one bacterium to another as “naked” DNA in solution, and 2. The changing of a normal cell into a cancerous cell |
Capsid | the protein coat of a virus that surrounds the nucleic acid |
contact inhibition | the cessation of animal cell movement and division as a result of contact with other cells |
envelope | an outer covering surroundin the capsid of some viruses |
fusion | the merging of plasma membranes of two different cells, resulting in one cell containing cytoplasm from both original cells |
lysis | 1. Destruction of a cell by the rupture of the plasma membrane, resulting in a loss of cytoplasm, and 2. In disease, gradual period of decline |
lysogenic cycle | stages in viral development that result in the incorporation of viral DNA into host DNA |
lysogeny | a stage in which phage DNA is incorporated into the host cell without lysis |
lytic cycle | a mechanism of phage multiplication that results in host cell lysis |
plaque | a mechanism of phage multiplication that results in host cell lysis |
prophage | phage DNA inserted into the host cell’s DNA |