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Chapter 8

TermDefinition
State A sovereign territory, recognized as a country by other states under international law. A state has a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and is recognized by other states.
Territoriality Sense of ownership and attachment to a specific territory.
Peace of Westphalia Treaties negotiated in 1648 that formally recognized the sovereignty of states.
Sovereignty The legal authority to have the last say over a territory. Under international law, states are sovereign.
Territorial integrity Right of a state to defend sovereign territory against incursion from other states.
Colonialism Physically taking over a territory and people and controlling the economy and government.
Mercantilism An early form of capitalism based on trading large quantities of goods, using gold and silver as currencies.
Nation A group of people with a shared past and common future who relate to each other and share a common political goal.
Imagined community A socially constructed identity that is imagined because the people in the group will never meet each other and simply believe they have a similarity and shared connection.
Nation-state A nation (people) and a state (country) who share the same borders.
multinational state State (country) with more than one nation (people).
Multistate nation Nation (people) that stretches across states (countries).
Stateless nation A nation that does not have a state.
First wave of colonialism From the late 1400s to 1850s, when Europeans colonized the Americas and coastal Africa.
Second wave of colonialism From the 1850s to 1960s, when Europeans colonized Africa and Asia in the context of the industrial revolution.
Word-Systems Theory Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in and economic wealth in the periphery is inextricably linked to the core.
Capitalism Economic system where people, corporations, and states produce goods and services and trade them on the world market with the goal of making a profit.
Commodification Transformation of goods and services into products that can be bought, sold, or traded.
Core Places in the world economy where core processes dominate.
Periphery Places in the world economy where periphery processes dominate.
Semi-periphery Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring; places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery.
Centripetal forces In nationalism, attributes of a nation that can be activated or manipulated to unite the nation, such as national iconography, patriotism, shared culture and history, or common religion or ideology.
Centrifugal forces In nationalism, attributes of a nation that can be activated or manipulated to divide the nation, such as unequal distribution of wealth, or religious, linguistic, ethnic, and ideological differences.
Unitary states A state that has a centralized government and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state.
Federal states A system with a central government and several states that retain independence on internal affairs.
Devolution Transfer of power from central government to regional or local government within a state (country).
Democracy Government by the people where the people are sovereign and have the final say over what happens within a state.
Reapportionment Redistribution of representatives based on population change. For example, seats in the U.S. House of Representatives are reapportioned across states after each census before each state redistricts.
Splitting A redistricting practice where a minority population is divided across districts to ensure the majority population controls each district (also called dilution).
Majority-minority districts Electoral district where the majority of the people in the district are from a minority group.
Gerrymandering Manipulating electoral districts to give one political party unfair advantage.
Boundary A plane that stretches beneath the subsoil and into the airspace that legally divides two countries.
Genetic boundaries Political boundaries defined and delimited (and occasionally demarcated) as a straight line or an arc.
Physical-political boundaries Political boundary defined by a prominent physical feature in the physical landscape, such as a riverbank or the crest of a mountain range.
Heartland theory British geographer Halford Mackinder’s theory that a political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world. “Who controls Eastern Europe controls the Heartland; Who controls the Heartland controls the
Unilateralism World order in which one state is in a position of global dominance.
Deterritorialization Movement of economic, social, and cultural processes out of the hands of states (countries).
Reterritorialization When a local culture shapes an aspect of popular culture as their own, adopting the popular culture to their local culture.
Created by: 196522
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