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Chapter 8
AP Human Geo
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| State | A sovereign territory, recognized as a country by other states under international law. A state has a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and is recognized by other states. |
| Territoriality | Sense of ownership and attachment to a specific territory. |
| Peace of Westphalia | Treaties negotiated in 1648 that formally recognized the sovereignty of states. |
| Sovereignty | The legal authority to have the last say over a territory. Under international law, states are sovereign. |
| Territorial integrity | Right of a state to defend sovereign territory against incursion from other states. |
| Colonialism | Physically taking over a territory and people and controlling the economy and government. |
| Mercantilism | An early form of capitalism based on trading large quantities of goods, using gold and silver as currencies. |
| Nation | A group of people with a shared past and common future who relate to each other and share a common political goal. |
| Imagined community | A socially constructed identity that is imagined because the people in the group will never meet each other and simply believe they have a similarity and shared connection. |
| Nation-state | A nation (people) and a state (country) who share the same borders. |
| Multinational state | State (country) with more than one nation (people). |
| Multistate nation | Nation (people) that stretches across states (countries). |
| Stateless nation | A nation that does not have a state. |
| First wave of colonialism | From the late 1400s to 1850s, when Europeans colonized the Americas and coastal Africa. |
| Second wave of colonialism | From the 1850s to 1960s, when Europeans colonized Africa and Asia in the context of the industrial revolution. |
| World-Systems Theory | Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in and economic wealth in the periphery is inextricably linked to the core. |
| Capitalism | Economic system where people, corporations, and states produce goods and services and trade them on the world market with the goal of making a profit. |
| Commodification | Transformation of goods and services into products that can be bought, sold, or traded. |
| Core | Places in the world economy where core processes dominate. |
| Periphery | Places in the world economy where periphery processes dominate. |
| Semi-periphery | Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring; places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery. |
| Centripetal forces | In nationalism, attributes of a nation that can be activated or manipulated to unite the nation, such as national iconography, patriotism, shared culture and history, or common religion or ideology. |
| Centrifugal forces | In nationalism, attributes of a nation that can be activated or manipulated to divide the nation, such as unequal distribution of wealth, or religious, linguistic, ethnic, and ideological differences. |
| Unitary states | A state that has a centralized government and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state. |
| Federal states | A system with a central government and several states that retain independence on internal affairs. |
| Devolution | Transfer of power from central government to regional or local government within a state (country). |
| Democracy | Government by the people where the people are sovereign and have the final say over what happens within a state. |
| Reapportionment | Redistribution of representatives based on population change. For example, seats in the U.S. House of Representatives are reapportioned across states after each census before each state redistricts. |
| Splitting | A redistricting practice where a minority population is divided across districts to ensure the majority population controls each district (also called dilution). |
| Majority-minority districts | Electoral district where the majority of the people in the district are from a minority group. |
| Gerrymandering | Manipulating electoral districts to give one political party unfair advantage. |
| Boundary | A plane that stretches beneath the subsoil and into the airspace that legally divides two countries. |
| Geometric boundaries | Political boundaries defined and delimited (and occasionally demarcated) as a straight line or an arc. |
| Physical-political boundaries | Political boundary defined by a prominent physical feature in the physical landscape, such as a riverbank or the crest of a mountain range. |
| Heartland theory | British geographer Halford Mackinder’s theory that a political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world. |
| Unilateralism | World order in which one state is in a position of global dominance. |
| Reterritorialization | When a local culture shapes an aspect of popular culture as their own, adopting the popular culture to their local culture. |
| Supranational organizations | An organization of three or more states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives. For example, the European Union is one such organization. |
| Deterritorialization | Movement of economic, social, and cultural processes out of the hands of states (countries). |
Created by:
MissPizzazz
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