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AP Human Ch. 8
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| State | A sovereign territory, recognized as a country by other states under international law. A state has a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and is recognized by other states |
| Territoriality | Sense of ownership and attachment to a specific territory |
| Peace of Westphalia | Treaties negotiated in 1648 that formally recognized the sovereignty of states |
| Sovereignty | The legal authority to have the last say over a territory. Under international law, states are sovereign |
| Territorial integrity | Right of a state to defend sovereign territory against incursion from other states |
| Colonialism | Physically taking over a territory and people and controlling the economy and government |
| Mercantilism | An early form of capitalism based on trading large quantities of goods, using gold and silver as currencies |
| Nation | A group of people with a shared past and common future who relate to each other and share a common political goal |
| Imagined community | A socially constructed identity that is imagined because the people in the group will never meet each other and simply believe they have a similarity and shared connection |
| Nation-state | A nation (people) and a state (country) who share the same borders |
| Multinational state | State (country) with more than one nation (people) |
| Multistate nation | Nation (people) that stretches across states (countries) |
| Stateless nation | A nation that does not have a state |
| First wave of colonialism | From the late 1400s to 1850s, when Europeans colonized the Americas and coastal Africa |
| Second wave of colonialism | From the 1850s to 1960s, when Europeans colonized Africa and Asia in the context of the industrial revolution |
| World-Systems Theory | Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in and economic wealth in the periphery is inextricably linked to the core |
| Capitalism | Economic system where people, corporations, and states produce goods and services and trade them on the world market with the goal of making a profit |
| Commodification | Transformation of goods and services into products that can be bought, sold, or traded |
| Core | Places in the world economy where core processes dominate |
| Periphery | Places in the world economy where periphery processes dominate |
| Semi-periphery | Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring; places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery |
| Centripetal forces | In nationalism, attributes of a nation that can be activated or manipulated to unite the nation, such as national iconography, patriotism, shared culture and history, or common religion or ideology |
| Centrifugal forces | In nationalism, attributes of a nation that can be activated or manipulated to divide the nation, such as unequal distribution of wealth, or religious, linguistic, ethnic, and ideological differences |
| Unitary states | A state that has a centralized government and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state |
| Federal state | A territory that’s divided into regions, substances, provinces, or cantons that exercise significant control over their own affairs |
| Devolution | Transfer of power from central government to regional or local government within a state (country) |
| Deterritorialization | Movement of economic, social, and cultural processes out of the hands of states (countries) |
| Movement of economic, social, and cultural processes out of the hands of states (countries) | When a local culture shapes an aspect of popular culture as their own, adopting the popular culture to their local culture |
| Supranational organizations | An organization of three or more states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives. For example, the European Union is one such organization |
Created by:
Pl251741
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