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Chapter 8
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| State | A sovereign territory, recognized as a country by other states under international law. A state has a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and is recognized by other states. |
| Territoriality | Sense of ownership and attachment to a specific territory. |
| Peace of Westphalia | Treaties negotiated in 1648 that formally recognized the sovereignty of states. |
| Sovereignty | The legal authority to have the last say over a territory. Under international law, states are sovereign. |
| Territorial Integrity | Right of a state to defend sovereign territory against incursion from other states. |
| Colonialism | Physically taking over a territory and people and controlling the economy and government. |
| Mercantilism | An early form of capitalism based on trading large quantities of goods, using gold and silver as currencies. |
| Nation | A group of people with a shared past and common future who relate to each other and share a common political goal. |
| Imagined community | A socially constructed identity that is imagined because the people in the group will never meet each other and simply believe they have a similarity and shared connection. |
| Nation-state | A nation (people) and a state (country) who share the same borders. |
| Multinational state | State (country) with more than one nation (people). |
| Multistate nation | Nation (people ) that stretches across states (countries). |
| Stateless nation | A nation that does not have a state. |
| First wave of colonialism | In the sixteenth century, period of time when Spain, Portugal, Britain, France and the Netherlands explored and eventually colonized the Americas. During this time, Europe exported its concepts of state, sovereignty and the nation-state. |
| Second wave of colonialism | By the late 1800s, the major colonizers were Britain, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany and Italy. These parties met at the Berlin Conference and arbitrarily divided South Africa into colonies with out reference to the Indigenous. |
| World-Systems Theory | Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in and economic wealth in the periphery is inextricably linked to the core. |
| Capitalism | Economic system where people, corporations, and states, produce goods and services and trade them on the world market with the goal of making a profit. |
| Commodification | Transformation of goods and services into products that can be bought, sold, or traded. |
| Core | Places in the world economy where core processes dominate. |
| Periphery | Places in the world economy where periphery processes dominate. |
| Semi-periphery | Places where core and periphery processes are both occurring; places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery. |
| Centripetal Forces | Forces within a state that unify people. |
| Centrifugal Forces | Forces within a state that divide people. |
| Unitary States | A state that has a centralized government and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state. |
| Federal States | This divides the territory into regions, substrates, provinces, or cantons that exercise significant control over their own affairs. The regions or states have substantial authority over such matters as education, land use, and infrastructure planning. |
| Devolution | Transfer of power from central government to regional or local government within a state (country). |
| Democracy | Government by the people where the people are sovereign and have the final say over what happens within a state. |
| Reapportionment | Redistribution of representatives based on a population change. |
| Splitting | A redistricting practice where a minority population is divided across districts to ensure the majority population controls each district (also called dilution). |
| Majority-minority district | Electoral district where the majority of the people in the district are from a minority group. |
| Gerrymandering | Manipulating electoral districts to give one political party unfair advantage. |
| Boundary | A plane that stretches beneath the subsoil and into the airspace that legally divides two countries. |
| Geometric boundaries | Political boundaries defined and delimited (and occasionally demarcated) as a straight line or an arc. |
| Physical-political boundaries | Political boundary defined by a prominent physical feature in the physical landscape, such as a riverbank or the crest of a mountain range. |
| Heartland Theory | British geographer Halford Mackinder’s theory that a political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world. |
| Heartland Theory | “Who controls Eastern Europe controls the Heartland ; Who controls the Heartland controls the World Island;Who controls the World Island controls the world.” |
| Unilateralism | World order in which one state is in a position of global dominance. |
| Deterritorialization | Movement of economic, social, and cultural processes out of the hands of states (countries). |
| Reterritorialization | When a local culture shapes an aspect of popular culture as their own, adopting the popular culture to their local culture. |
| Supranational Organizations | An organization of three or more states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives. For example, the European Union is one such organization. |
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