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Chapter 8
AP Human Geography
Term | Definition |
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state | a sovereign territory, recognized as a country by other states under international law; has a defined territory, permanent population, government, and is recognized by other states |
territoriality | sense of ownership and attachment to a specific territory |
Peace of Westphalia | treaties negotiated in 1648 that formally recognized the sovereignty of states |
sovereignty | the legal authority to have the last say over a territory; under international law, states are sovereign |
territorial integrity | right of a state to defend sovereign territory against incursion from other states |
colonialism | physically taking over a territory and people and controlling the economy and government |
mercantilism | an early form of capitalism based on trading large quantities of goods, using gold and silver as currencies |
nation | a group of people with a shared past and common future who relate to each other and share a common political goal |
imagined community | a socially constructed identity that is imagined because the people in the group will never meet each other and simply believe they have a similarity and shared connection |
nation-state | a nation and a state who share the same borders |
multinational state | state with more than one nation |
stateless nation | a nation that does not have a state |
first wave of colonialism | from the late 1400s to 1850s when Europeans colonized the Americas and coastal Africa |
second wave of colonialism | from the 1850s to 1960s when Europeans colonized Africa and Asia in the context of the industrial revolution |
world-systems theory | theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in and economic wealth in the periphery is inextricably linked to the core |
capitalism | economic system where people, corporations, and states produce goods and services and trade them on the world market with the goal of making a profit |
commodification | transformation of goods and services into products that can be bought, sold, or traded |
core | places in the world economy where core processes dominate |
periphery | places in the world economy where periphery processes dominate |
semi-periphery | places where core and periphery processes are both occurring; places that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit the periphery |
centripetal forces | attributes of a nation that can be activated or manipulated to unite the nation, such as national iconography, patriotism, shared culture and history, or common religion or ideology |
centrifugal forces | attributes of a nation that can be activated or manipulated to divide the nation, such as unequal distribution of wealth, or religious, linguistic, ethnic, and ideological differences |
unitary states | states that have centralized governments and administrations that exercise power equally over all parts of the states |
federal states | a system with a central government and several states that retain independence on internal affairs |
devolution | transfer of power from central government to regional or local government within a state |
democracy | government by the people where they are sovereign and have the final say over what happens within a state |
reapportionment | redistribution of representatives based on population changes; for example, seats in the House are reapportioned across states after each census before each state redistricts |
splitting | a redistricting practice where a minority population is divided across districts to ensure the majority controls each district; AKA dilution |
majority-minority districts | electoral district where the majority of the people are from a minority group |
gerrymandering | manipulating electoral districts to give one political party unfair advantage |
boundary | a plane that stretches beneath the subsoil and into the airspace that legally divides two countries. |
geometric boundaries | political boundaries defined and delimited (sometimes demarcated) as a straight line or an arc |
physical-political boundaries | defined by a prominent physical feature in the physical landscape, such as a riverbank or the crest of a mountain range |
heartland theory | British geographer Halford Mackinder's theory that a political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world |
unilateralism | world order in which one state is in a position of global dominance |
deterritorialization | movement of the economic, social, and cultural processes out of the hands of states |
reterritorialization | when a local culture shapes an aspect of popular culture as their own, adopting the popular culture to their local culture |
supranational organizations | an organization of 3 or more states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives |
multistate nation | nation that stretches across states |