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Chapter 8

TermDefinition
State politically organized territory with a permanent population, a defined territory, and a government.
Territoriality Sense of ownership and attachment to a specific territory.
Peace of Westphalia Treaties negotiated in 1648 that formally recognized the sovereignty of states.
Sovereignty The legal authority to have the last say over a territory. Under international law, states are sovereign.
Territorial integrity Right of a state to defend sovereign territory against incursion from other states.
Colonialism Physically taking over a territory and people and controlling the economy and government.
Mercantilism An early form of capitalism based on trading large quantities of goods, using gold and silver as currencies.
Nation A group of people with a shared past and common future who relate to each other and share a common political goal.
Imagined community A socially constructed identity that is imagined because the people in the group will never meet each other and simply believe they have a similarity and shared connection.
Nation-state A nation (people) and a state (country) who share the same borders.
Multinational state State (country) with more than one nation (people).
Multistate nation Nation (people) that stretches across states (countries).
Stateless nation A nation that does not have a state.
First wave of colonialism From the late 1400s to 1850s, when Europeans colonized the Americas and coastal Africa.
Second wave of colonialism From the 1850s to 1960s, when Europeans colonized Africa and Asia in the context of the industrial revolution.
World-Systems Theory Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in and economic wealth in the periphery is inextricably linked to the core.
Capitalism a system in which individuals, corporations, and states own land and produce goods and services that are exchanged for profit.
Commodification the process of placing a price on a good, service, or idea and then buying, selling, and trading that item.
Core Places in the world economy where core processes dominate.
Periphery incorporates lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less sophisticated technology—processes associated with a more marginal position in the world economy.
Semi-periphery places where core and periphery processes are both occurring.
Centripetal forces In nationalism, attributes of a nation that can be activated or manipulated to unite the nation, such as national iconography, patriotism, shared culture and history, or common religion or ideology.
Centrifugal forces In nationalism, attributes of a nation that can be activated or manipulated to divide the nation, such as unequal distribution of wealth, or religious, linguistic, ethnic, and ideological differences.
Unitary states A state that has a centralized government and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state.
Federal states a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing provinces, states, or other regions under a central federal government
Devolution the transfer of power “downwards” from the central government to regional governments within a state.
Democracy Government by the people where the people are sovereign and have the final say over what happens within a state.
Reapportionment the process by which districts are changed according to population shifts.
Splitting A redistricting practice where a minority population is divided across districts to ensure the majority population controls each district (also called dilution).
Majority-minority districts Electoral district where the majority of the people in the district are from a minority group.
Gerrymandering Manipulating electoral districts to give one political party unfair advantage.
Boundary A plane that stretches beneath the subsoil and into the airspace that legally divides two countries.
Geometric boundaries Political boundaries defined and delimited (and occasionally demarcated) as a straight line or an arc.
Physical-political boundaries Political boundary defined by a prominent physical feature in the physical landscape, such as a riverbank or the crest of a mountain range.
Heartland theory British geographer Halford Mackinder’s theory that a political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world.
Unilateralism World order in which one state is in a position of global dominance.
Deterritorialization Movement of economic, social, and cultural processes out of the hands of states (countries).
Reterritorialization When a local culture shapes an aspect of popular culture as their own, adopting the popular culture to their local culture.
Supranational organizations An organization of three or more states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives. For example, the European Union is one such organization.
Created by: kayla.giset
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