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Human Growth
refers to the progressive increase and continuous advancement of the child from birth to maturity. | Growth |
Involves in the complexity of function and skill progression | Development |
Development proceeds from head downward. This principle describes the directions of growth and development. | Cephalocaudal principle |
Development proceeds from the center of the body outward. that also describes the direction of development. This means that the spinal cord develops before outer parts of the body | principle of proximodistal development |
Development depends on maturation and learning | Maturation refers to the sequential characteristics of biological growth and development. |
Children use their cognitive and language skills to reason and solve problems. For example, learning relationships between things (how things are similar) or classification, is an important ability in cognitive development. | Development proceeds from the simple (concrete) to the more complex. |
In motor development, the infant will be able to grasp an object with whole hand before using the thumb and forefingers. | Growth and development proceed from general to specific |
interaction between an individual’s inherited traits, his surroundings and his nurture. | Environmental influences |
the process by which the new organism is endowed with certain potentials (inherited from the parents) for his later development | Heredity |
Suggests that children develop through a series of stages r/t erogenous zones | Freud’s Psychosexual Theory of development |
largest part of the mind, is r/t desires and impulses & is the main source of basic biological needs | Id |
r/t reasoning & is the conscious, rational part of the personality; monitors behavior in order to satisfy basic desires without suffering negative consequences | Ego |
or conscience, develops through interactions with others (mainly parents) who want the child to conform to the norms of society | Superego |
Freud’s Structural Model posits that Personality consists of 3 interworking parts | Id, Ego, Superego |
This theory was advocated by Jean Piaget, who believed that a child enters the world lacking virtually all the basic cognitive competencies of the adult, and gradually develops these competencies by passing through a series of stages of development. | COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THEORY |