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Chapter 9
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| City | A large settlement of people with an extensive built environment that functions as a center of politics, culture, and economics. |
| First Urban Revolution | The transformation of societies from agriculture villages to permanently settled cities, which occurred independently in five separate hearths |
| Mesopotamia | Region in southwest Asia where the first urban revolution occurred around 2200 BCE. |
| Nile River Valley | Region along the Nile River in North Africa where the first urban revolution occurred 3200 BCE. |
| Indus River Valley | Region in South Asia where the first urban revolution occurred around 2200 BCE. |
| Huang He and Wei Valleys | Region in China where the first urban revolution occurred around 1500 BCE. |
| Mesoamerica | Region in central America where the first urban revolution occurred around 200 BCE. |
| Urban morphology | The layout of a city, including the sizes and shapes of buildings and the pathways of infrastructure. |
| Functional zonation | Division of a city into different regions (e.g., residential or industrial) by use or purpose (e.g., housing or manufacturing). |
| Site | Physical attributes of the location of a human settlement - for example, at the head of navigation of a river or at a certain elevation. |
| Situation | The position of a city or place relative to its surrounding environment or context. |
| Acropolis | The upper, fortified part of an ancient Greek city. Commonly a religious site. |
| Rank-size rule | Observed statistical relationship that the population of a city will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy. For example, second largest city is half the population of largest city. |
| Primate city | The lead city in a country in terms of size and influence. |
| Central Place theory | Walter Christaller’s theory that the size and locations of cities, towns, and villages are logically and regularly distributed. |
| Hinterland | An area of economic production that is located inland and is connected to the world by a port. |
| Central Business District (CBD) | The zone of a city where businesses cluster and around which a city and its infrastructure are typically built. |
| Central City | Urban area that is not suburban. Generally, the older or original city that is surrounded by suburbs. |
| Suburb | A built-up residential and shopping district connected to a central city by major transportation routes. |
| Suburbanization | Transformation of farmland and small towns outside of an urban area into suburbs |
| Concentric Zone Model (Burgess) | Urban model that explains the distribution of social groups around a central business district (CBD) using 5 concentric zones with the newest built on the outskirts. Created by Ernest Burgess in 1925 based on Chicago, United States. |
| Sector Model (Hoyt) | A structural model of the American city centered on a central business district with distinct areas of manufacturing and residences extending in wedge-shaped zones from the CBD (like pieces of pie). |
| Multiple Nuclei Model (Harris and Ullman) | Layout of American cities, including a central business district (CBD) and suburban business districts that each serve as nuclei around which businesses and residences cluster. |
| Edge cities | Large urban areas on the outskirts of major cities, typically found on major roads. Edge cities are characterized by extensive space for offices and retail, and few residential areas. |
| Galactic City Model | Modern city in which the old downtown plays the role of a festival or recreational area, and widely dispersed industrial parks, shopping centers, high-tech industries, edge-city downtowns, and industrial suburbs are the new centers of economic activity. |
| Latin American City Model (Griffin-Ford/New Ford) | Model of Latin American cities showing central plazas and wide streets commonly designed by Spanish colonizers. Designed to help see the layers of history built in cities in Latin America. |
| Disamenity sector | Residential zone where lowest income residents in the city live, especially in the Latin American city model. Often built on unstable or undesirable land. |
| African City Model (DeBlij) | Model of African cities showing how colonial cities were often built around African cities. The central city has three CBDs: traditional, informal, and colonial. Designed to help see the layers of history in cities in Africa. |
| Southeast Asia City Model (McGhee) | Model of Southeast Asian cities showing a city with an old colonial port zone surrounded by a large commercial district and no formal CBD. Designed to help see the layers of history built in cities in Southeast Asia. |
| Zoning laws | Legal restrictions on land use that determine what types of building and economic activities are allowed. |
| Redlining | Discriminatory real estate practice that prevents minorities from getting loans to purchase property like homes in white neighborhoods. The practice derived its name from the red lines drawn on cadastral maps used by real estate agents and developers. |
| Blockbusting | Rapidly changing racial or class composition of a neighborhood that occurs when real estate agents persuade residents to sell homes because of fear that another race or class of people is moving into the neighborhood. Real estate agents profit in the sale |
| White flight | Movement of whites from the city and adjacent neighborhoods to outlying suburbs in response to a growth in the number of residents who are a different race. Common in U.S. cities in response to blockbusting. |
| Gentrification | Renewal or rebuilding of a lower income neighborhood into a middle- to upper-class neighborhood, which results in driving up property values and rents and the dispossession of lower income residents. |
| Teardowns | Homes bought in suburbs with the intent of tearing them down and replacing them with much larger homes, often referred to as McMansions. |
| McMansions | Large homes often built in place of tear-downs in American suburbs. |
| Urban sprawl | the expansion of low density urban areas around a city. New urbanism a modern approach to planning and developing cities and communities that values walkability, attracting diverse incomes, and access to public spaces. |
| New Urbanism | A modern approach to planning and developing cities and communities that values walkability, attracting diverse incomes, and access to public spaces |
| Gated communities | residential neighborhoods where access is controlled in order to define exclusive space and deter movement of people and traffic through the neighborhood. |
| Urban Geopolitics | How cities shape and are shaped by geopolitical processes at national, regional and global scales. |
| Megacity | A large city with more than 10 million people. |
| Hutment factories | Manufacturing conducted in slums, typically relying on intensive hand labor and low-cost machines. |
| Informal economy | Portion of the economy that is not taxed or regulated by government. Goods and services are exchanged based on barter or cash systems, and earnings are not reported to government. |
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pl229732
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