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Chapter 9

Human Geography

Term	Definition
City	an agglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics.
First Urban Revolution	The transformation of societies from agriculture villages to permanently settled cities, which occurred independently in five separate hearths.
Mesopotamia	Region in southwest Asia where the first urban revolution occurred around 2200 BCE.
Nile River Valley	Region along the Nile River in North Africa where the first urban revolution occurred 3200 BCE.
Indus River valley	Region in South Asia where the first urban revolution occurred around 2200 BCE.
Huang He and Wei Valleys	Region in China where the first urban revolution occurred around 1500 BCE.
Mesoamerica	Region in central America where the first urban revolution occurred around 200 BCE
Urban morphology	The layout of a city, including the sizes and shapes of buildings and the pathways of infrastructure.
Functional zonation	the division of a city into different regions (e.g., residential or industrial) by use or purpose (e.g., housing or manufacturing).
Site	absolute location: its precise position on Earth.
Acropolis	The upper, fortified part of an ancient Greek city. Commonly a religious site.
Rank-size rule	states that the population of a city will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy.
Primate city	“a country’s leading city, always disproportionately large and exceptionally expressive of national capacity and feeling.”
Central Place Theory	Walter Christaller’s theory that the size and locations of cities, towns, and villages are logically and regularly distributed.
Hinterland	An area of economic production that is located inland and is connected to the world by a port.
Central Business District (CBD)	The zone of a city where businesses cluster and around which a city and its infrastructure are typically built.
Central City	the older part of the city surrounding or near the CBD.
Suburb	an outlying, primarily residential area on the outskirts of a city.
Suburbanization	happens when lands once outside the urban area—often farmland or small towns—are transformed into urban areas.
Concentric Zone Model (Burgess)	Urban model that explains the distribution of social groups around a central business district (CBD) using 5 concentric zones with the newest built on the outskirts. Created by Ernest Burgess in 1925 based on Chicago, United States.
Sector Model (Hoyt)	A structural model of the American city centered on a central business district with distinct areas of manufacturing and residences extending in wedge-shaped zones from the CBD (like pieces of pie).
Multiple Nuclei Model (Harris and Ullman)	Layout of American cities, including a central business district (CBD) and suburban business districts that each serve as nuclei around which businesses and residences cluster.
Edge cities	Large urban areas on the outskirts of major cities, typically found on major roads. Edge cities are characterized by extensive space for offices and retail, and few residential areas.
Galactic city model	Modern city in which the old downtown plays the role of a festival or recreational area, widely dispersed industrial parks, shopping centers, high-tech industrial spaces and industrial suburbs are the new centers of economic activity.
Latin American city model (Griffin-Ford/New Ford)	Model of Latin American cities showing central plazas and wide streets commonly designed by Spanish colonizers. Designed to help see the layers of history built in cities in Latin America.
Southeast Asia City Model (McGhee)	Model of Southeast Asian cities showing a city with an old colonial port zone surrounded by a large commercial district and no formal CBD. Designed to help see the layers of history built in cities in Southeast Asia.
Zoning Laws	divide up the city and designate the kinds of development allowed in each zone.
Redlining	Discriminatory real estate practice (now illegal) that prevents minorities from getting loans to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods.
Blockbusting	Rapidly changing racial or class composition of a neighborhood that occurs when real estate agents persuade residents to sell homes because of fear that another race or class of people is moving into the neighborhood.
White flight	Movement of whites from the city and adjacent neighborhoods to outlying suburbs in response to a growth in the number of residents who are a different race. Common in U.S. cities in response to blockbusting.
Gentrification	Renewal or rebuilding of a lower income neighborhood into a middle- to upper-class neighborhood, which results in driving up property values and rents and the dispossession of lower income residents.
Teardowns	The homes intended for suburban demolition
McMansions	New supersized mansions
Urban sprawl	unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning.
New Urbanism	development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs.
Gated communities	residential neighborhoods where access is controlled in order to define exclusive space and deter movement of people and traffic through the neighborhood.
Urban geopolitics	How cities shape and are shaped by geopolitical processes at national, regional and global scales.
Megacity	A large city with more than 10 million people.
Hutment factories	Manufacturing conducted in slums, typically relying on intensive hand labor and low-cost machines
Informal economy	Portion of the economy that is not taxed or regulated by government. Goods and services are exchanged based on barter or cash systems, and earnings are not reported to government.
Disamenity sector	Residential zone where lowest income residents in the city live, especially in the Latin American city model. Often built on unstable or undesirable land.
African city model (DeBlij)	Model of African cities showing how colonial cities were often built around African cities. The central city has three CBDs: traditional, informal, and colonial. Designed to help see the layers of history in cities in Africa.
Situation	The position of a city or place relative to its surrounding environment or context.

Created by: kayla.giset

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