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Physiology week 7-
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How is fluid balanced maintained? | It is only maintained if intake equals output |
| What happens when extracellular fluid volume decreases below normal? | |
| What is an example of a mechanism that can help the body to re-establish fluid balance? | ALDOSTERONE MECHANISM |
| What incident occurs due to exercise? | DEHYDRATION |
| What does dehydration cause? | It causes extracellular fluid volume including blood volume to decrease, which causes arterial blood pressure to decrease as well. |
| What kind of receptors are located in the walls of certain arteries ? What do they detect? what do they stimulate? | BARROW RECEPTORS are located in certain arteries nd detect a decrese in blood pressure. They trigger impulses to be sent to the thirst center in the hypothalamus of the brain (stimulate baroreceptors) |
| A decrease in blood volume is detected by which type of cells in what organ? How do they respond? | Special cells in the kidney respond by releasing an enzyme in lthe blood . Leading to a chain reaction, eventually stimulating the manufacture and release of the HORMONE ALDOSTERONE fromt the ADRENAL CORTEX. |
| What does the increase in the HORMONE ALDOSTERONE | KIDNEY TUBULE REABSORPTION OF SODIUM |
| What is KIDNEY TUBULE REAPSORPTION of sodium? | The movement of sodium from the blood and into the extracellular fluid. |
| What does the movement of sodium into the extracellur body increase? | an increase of the total sodium content of the body. |
| Where salt goes what follows? | WATER |
| Water (H20) re-absorption increases as what is re-absorbed? | SODIUM |
| What is the result of water and sodium re-absorption? | DECREASE URINE VOLUME (OUTPUT) to compensate for the decreased intake and increase in water volume in the extracellular fluid to bring water level back within the normal volume levels. |
| What kind of hormone producing cells are in the pancreas? | PANCREATIC ISLETS |
| How many types of cells are pancreatic islets made up of and what are their names? | There are 5 types of pancreatic islets cells called ALPHA BETA DELTA PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDE (PP) EPSILON |
| What kind of cells are pancreatic islets surrounded by? | EXOCRINE ACINI CELLS |
| What is produced by beta cells? | INSULIN |
| Where does insulin enter and where is it carried to? | it enters blood and is carried to almost all the cells in the body |
| What is the purpose of insulin? | to cause the cells to take in glucose when blood glucose levels are high. |
| What happens when insulin binds to receptor sites on the plasma membrane of cells? | Glucose channels open and enter the cell |
| WHat do cells use glucose for? | Cells use glucose to generate ATP |
| ATP is what molecule to the body? | The body's energy molecule |
| What happens when there is more glucose in the body than what it needs for immediate energy? | Liver and muscle cells will store it |
| What do liver and muscle cells store glucose as? | GLYCOGEN |
| What else can glucose be turned into apart from being stored as glycogen? Where is it stored? | It can be turned into fat that is stored in adipose tissue |
| What does the thyroid gland do? | It secretes thyroid hormone (TH) |
| What is the combination of TH? | T3 and T4 |
| What do the hormones T3 and T4 help regulate? | T3 and T4 help regulate the body's basale metabolic rate. |
| What is metabolic rate? | Metabolic rate is the efficiency in which the body uses nutrients for energy. |
| Where is the seretion of T3 an T4 regulated? | The secretion of T3 and T4 is regulated by both the anterior pituitary gland and the hypothalamus with target tissues from the CNS. |
| What regulates the secretion of T3 and T4? | The secretion of T3 and T4 is regulated by negative feed back loop |
| What kind of external and internal stimuli would place a demand on the body for energy? | A cold environment and low glucose blood level |
| Which kind of stimuli can be external and internal, causing enery demand from the body? | STRESS |
| They CNS influences which part of the brain to secrete which hormone? | The HYPOTHALUMUS releases TRYOTROPIN (TRH) |
| How does TRH travel? Where does it travel to? What does it stiumulate to release? | ADENO HYPOTHESIS or ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND through blood capillaries int the hypophyseal portal system and stimulates it to secrete Thyroid stimulating hormone (THS) into the bloodstream |
| Where does the hormone TSH travel to and what does it stimulate ? | TSH travels to the thyroid gland and stimulates the release of T3 and T4 |
| Which hormones are secreted into the blood to target tissues in order to increase metabolism? | T3 and T4 |
| What is the result of the regulation of T3 and T4 getting to target tissues? | Increased energy, relieving the need for more energy and completes the negative feed back loop. |
| What does the hypothlamus do when blood levels T3 and T4 are high? What does it cause? | The hypothalamus stops secreting TRH, causing the adeno hypothesis to stop secreting TSH and the thyroid gland decreases output of T3and T4. |
| Non steroid hormones can diffuse through a cell membrane? Why? True/False | False because they are water soluble and cannot pass through the plasma membrane of the target cell |
| Where can hormone receptor sites be found on a target cell? | Hormone receptor sites can be locaed on the surface of the cell membrane or in the interior of the cell. |
| Non steroid fits into a hormone receptor of a target cell like a ? | UNIQUE KEY INTO A LOCK? |
| What is a first messenger? | The first messenger is the hormone that reacts at the cell membrane site. |
| What happens when the first messenger is attached at its specific receptor site? | Several chemical r3actions occur which activate molecules within the cell called second messengers |
| What is an example of mechanism | The hormone receptor interaction changes energy rich ATP molecules inside the cell into cyclic AMP (adenosine monophosphate) |
| Hormone interaction changes ATP molecules inside a cell to which second messenger? | cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) |
| What does cyclic AMP serve as? | cylclic AMP serves as the SECOND MESSENGER delivering information inside the cell |
| What does cyclic adenomonophosphate (cAMP) activate/ | cyclic adenomonophosphate (cAMP) activates enzymes and regulates the cell's activity |
| What does cyclic adenomonophospate cause the cell to do? | It causes the target cell to respond and perform its specialized function |
| What does the NERVOUS and ENDOCRINE SYSTEM do? | The NERVOUS and ENDOCRINE SYSTEMs maintain the internal environent of the body. |
| The NERVOUS and ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS work __________ with one another? | INTIMATELY |
| The NERVOUS and ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS are often referred to as? | The NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM |
| How does the neuroendocrine system communicate? | The neuroendocrine system communicate through chenical messengers. |
| What does the nervous system use to communicate? | Rapid but short lived NERVE IMPULSES |
| What do rapid nerve impulses releaseand where? | rapid nerve impulses release NEUROTRANSMITTERS at synapses |
| What does the endocrine system use to communicate? | The endocrine system releases slowr acting but long lasting hormones to communicate |
| Where do hormones circulate and what do they affect? | Hormones circulate in the blood and only affect target cells that have hormone specific receptors |
| What is widely distributed through the body which hormones | Endocrine glands and tissues |
| Steroid hormones are what type of soluble? | Fat soluble |
| Steroid hormones can pass intact through the cell membrane of a target cell? True/False | TRUE |
| What happens when a steroid hormone passes through the target cell's membrane and its ? | The steroid hormone penetrates the target cells nucleus and binds to a receptor to form a hormone receptor complex. |
| What does a hormone receptor complex act on and cause? | A hormone receptor acts on DNA, causing the formation of a new protein in the cytoplasm. |
| What does a steroid hormone produce after it has penetrated the cell membrane, nucleus, and binded to a hormone receptor to create a new protein in the cytoplasm of a target cell? | It produces specific effects in the target cell |
| What does the hormone receptor complex induce? | The hormone receptor complex induces DNA to make RNA which leaves the nucleus and carries information to the ribosome for making a protein in the cytoplasm. |
| Some hormones are water and lipid soluble? True/False | TRUE |
| Which Hormones are water soluble? | EPINEPHRINE THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE FOLLICLE TIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) LUTENIZING HORMONE(LH) INSULIN |
| Binding of a hormone to target cell causes? | A TARGET CELL RESPONSE |
| Lipid soluble hormones can ______ thorugh a cells bilayer. | DIFFUSE |
| Receptors for lipid soluble hormones are located where? | Inside the cytoplasm or nucleus of the target cell |
| What are some examples of LIPID SOLUBLE hormones? | Steroid hormones like Testosterone Estrogen Progesterone Aldosterone Cortisol Thyroid hormone |
| Which thyroid hormone is NOT LIPID SOLUBLE? | Thyroid stimulating hormone |
| What is the endocrine system made up of? | Primary and secondary endocrine organs |
| What is the job of a primary endocrine organ? | To produce and secrete hormones |
| What are the primary endocrine organs? | HYPOTHALAMUS PITTUITARY PINEAL GLAND THYROID PARATHRYOID GLANDS THYMUS PANCREAS GONADS PLACENTA IN PREGNANT WOMAN |
| What is the side job of secondary endocrine organs? | to produce HORMONES |
| What are examples of secondary endocrine organs? | HEART KIDNEYS DIGESTIVE ORGANS LIVER AND SKIN |
| Cells can alter their sensitivity to a hormone? TRUE/FALSE | TRUE |
| What is DOWN REGULATION? | Down regulation is the decrease of hormone receptors in a target cell for a specific hormone. |
| When does DOWN REGULATION OCCUR | When there is a high amount of hormone in the blood stream. |
| When does a a target cell increase receptors for a specific hormone? and what is that process called? | When there is too little of the hormone circulating in theblood a target cell will increase receptor sites for a specific hormone called up-regulation. |
| TRUE/FALSE a target cell CANNOT change its sensitivity to its specific hormone? | FALSE |
| What are hormone interactions? | Permissive effect Synergist effect Antagonistic effect |
| What is the permissive effect of hormone interaction? | One hormone has to be presentand give permission along with another hormone to have its full effect on a target cell. |
| When does the synergistic effect happen? | The synergistic effect takes place when two differnet hormones with similar effects work together to produce an amplified response in the target cell |
| What are examples of synergest effect hormones? | Estrogens and FSH- which are needed for maturation of the female ova to take place. |
| When does the antagonistic effect take place? | The antagonistic effect takes place when two hormones have opposite effects from one another |
| What are examples of antagonist hormones? | Pancreatic hormones- Insulin decreases blood sugar by decreasing the liver storage of glucose as glycogen. Conversely glucagon increses blood sugar by stimulating the liver to break down that glycogen back into glucose. |
| How does the body help the endocrine system maintain homeostasis? | By bouncing production and degradation of hormones thorugh feedback loops. |
| What kind of feedback loops help production and degradation of hormones? | both positive and negative feedback loops. Especially NEGATIVE |
| What is the most common example of positive feedback loop triggered by which HORMONE? | The most common example of a positive feed back loop is labor which is induced by the production of the hormone OXYTOCIN, triggering the uterus which causes the baby to move forward in the birth canal, as the receptors in the cervix are stretched they sig |
| Negative feedback loops cause the ________ of positive feedback loops? | OPPOSITE |
| What kind of feedback loop will blood levels of a hormone trigger? what happens when triggered? | negative feedback loop. it increases or decreased the release of more hormones |
| What does a glucocortacoid hormone do? | Elevated blood levels of glucacortacoid will trigger the pituitary and hypothalamus to stop stimulating the adrenal gland to release more glucocorticoid hormones. |
| What hormones are released when blood levels drop? and from where? | The pituitary and hypothalamus will start stimulating the adrenal glands to release glucocorticoid hormones. |
| A small molecule binds to a G protein, preventing its activation. What direct effect will this have on signalingg that involves cAMP? A. hormone will not be able to bind to the hormone receptor B. Adenylyl cyclase will not be activated C. Excessive qua | B. Adenylyl cyclase will not be activiated |
| The brain interprets the meaning of the sounds we hear as music, speech, noise, etc. Which ear structures are responsible for the amplification and transfer of sound from the external ear to the inner ear? A. The ossicles B. Ear wax C. Tympanic membran | A. The ossicles |
| Specific wavelengths of sound cause specific regions of the basilar membrane to vibrate, much like the keys of a piano produce sound at different frequencies. Based on the animation, where do frequencies—from high to low pitches—cause activity in the hair | B. the apex of the cochlea D. between the base and the apex of the cochlea |
| The first half of the pathway is the projection from the RGCs through the optic nerve to the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus on either side. This first fiber in the pathway synapses on a thalamic cell that then projects to the visual cortex in | C. ELECTRICAL SIGNALS |
| If movement of a visual stimulus is leftward in one eye and rightward in the opposite eye, the brain interprets this as movement toward (or away) from the face along the midline. Which eye is visualizing leftward stimulus? A. left eye B. right eye C. b | B. Right eye |
| When the right cornea senses a tactile stimulus, what happens to the left eye? A. Constricts B. tears C. Blinks D. Deviates to the right | C. Blinks |
| events that occur when a hormone binds to a cell membrane receptor. A small molecule binds to a G protein, preventing its activation. What direct effect will this have on signaling that involves cAMP? A. The hormone will not be able to bind to the hormo | B. Adenylyl cyclase will not be activated. |
| the role of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. Which hormone is released by the pituitary to stimulate the thyroid gland? A. thyroxine B. triiodothyronine C. thyrotropin D. thyrotrope | C. THYROTROPIN |
| the location and function of the adrenal glands. Which hormone produced by the adrenal glands is responsible for mobilization of energy stores? A. Aldosterone B. ACTH C. Cortisol D. Epinephrine | C. CORTISOL |
| he function of the hormone melatonin. What should you avoid doing in the middle of your sleep cycle that would lower melatonin? A. turning on sound B. turning on the lights C. Get out of bed D. Opening your eyes | B. Turning on the lights |
| the location and function of the pancreas. What goes wrong in the function of insulin in type 2 diabetes? A. The immune system attacks and detroys cells B. The pancreas makes more insulin C. Lead to increase of insulin producing beta cells D. the cell | D. The cells dont respond to insulin like they shoud |
Created by:
amparo.martinez
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