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Chapter 7
Oceanic
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Austral | South |
| Southern Ocean | The ocean that surrounds Antarctica (discussed in Chapter 11). |
| Subtropical Convergence | A narrow marine transition zone, girdling the globe at approximately latitude 40°S, that marks the equatorward limit of the frigid Southern Ocean and the poleward limits of the warmer Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans to the north. |
| West Wind Drift | The clockwise movement of water as a current that circles around Antarctica in the Southern Ocean. |
| Biogeography | The study of flora (plant life) and fauna (animal life) in spatial perspective. |
| Wallace’s Line | The zoogeographical boundary proposed by Alfred Russel Wallace that separates the marsupial fauna of Australia and New Guinea from the non-marsupial fauna of Indonesia |
| Aboriginal | Native or aboriginal peoples; often used to designate the inhabitants of areas that were conquered and subsequently colonized by the imperial powers of Europe. |
| Federation | A country adhering to a political framework wherein a central government represents the various subnational entities within a nation-state where they have common interests—defense, foreign affairs, and the like—yet allows these various entities |
| Unitary state | A nation-state that has a centralized government and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state. |
| Outback | The name given by Australians to the vast, peripheral, sparsely settled interior of their country. |
| Primary sector | Activities engaged in the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture. |
| Environmental degradation | The accumulated human abuse of a region’s natural landscape that, among other things, can involve air and water pollution, threats to plant and animal ecosystems, misuse of natural resources, and generally upsetting the balance between people. |
| El Niño | A periodic, abnormal warming of the sea surface in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. Disturbs weather patterns across much of the world, especially in northwestern and northeastern South America. |
| Desalination | The process of removing dissolved salts from water, thereby producing fresh (drinking) water from seawater or brackish water. |
| Aboriginal land issue | The legal campaign in which Australia’s indigenous peoples have claimed title to traditional land in several parts of that country. The courts have upheld certain claims, fueling Aboriginal activism that has raised broader issues of indigenous rights. |
| APEC | The Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. Its 21 Pacific Rim member-economies promote free trade throughout the Asia Pacific region. |
| Peripheral development | Spatial pattern in which a country’s or region’s development (and population) is most heavily concentrated along its outer edges rather than in its interior. |
| Disaster management | Subfield of urban and regional planning that consists of four phases: hazard mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. |
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