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ARRT Review

Radiation Safety Part 11 - Hodge Podge

Question	Answer
Red Bone Marrow Colon Lung Stomach are examples of which quality factor?	.12
Gonads have a QF of	.20
For the Air Gap method, what is the grid ratio equivalent?	8 to 1
What factor contributes to the use of the Air Gap method?	OID to allow scatter to disburse from IR
What is GSD stand for?	Genetically Significant Dose
GSD definition	It is equivalent dose that if received by every member of the population, would be expected to produce the same genetic injury to the population as does the actual dose received by the irradiated individuals
What is LD 50/30	50% of the population will die in 30 days if exposed to 3 to 4 grays
Radium dial painters provided radiation damage data by incurring what damage?	Bone cancer, Osteosarcoma, the salts in the isotopes used for painting the watch dials mimicked salts and caused the mandible, bones, and other somatic issues.
What type of cancer did miners have back in the early 1940's and 50's that provided biological data to the ICRP and NCRP?	Lung – inhalation of radioactive dust from rocks from the earth/caves. Not as common now due to safety standards. Black Lung Disease.
Atomic bomb survivors provided years of data from what radiation outcome?	Breast cancer, years of research and following the Japanese women.
Ankylosing spondylitis treatments back in the early 1940's caused what stochastic effect?	Leukemia due to the radiation to the bone marrow.
Covalent cross links which are chemical links with DNA – cause mutations, Intrastrand and Interstrand defects are from which LET?	High
Which type of LET causes frame shaft damage?	High
What is Apoptosi?s	Cell death
What is Atrophy	Shrinking
What is Desquamation	Wet or dry peeling
Purpura	bruising, broken blood vessels from radiation injury
What do tissue and radiation-weighing factors quantify or predict?	Stochastic responses
Term: The sum of group of people’s total radiation from different sources	Collective dose, to quantify a group of people or area of population
Term: TEDE	Total Effective Dose Equivalence. * Internal and External dose measurement of all radiation sources to an individual - on dosimeter report
Term: CEDE	Committed Effective Dose Equivalence. Measures internal radiation dose only
What is Fractionation	Describes that a dose is not given in 1 exposure but divided out among many visits to get the same benefit of killing the cancer but keeping the adjacent tissues and organs healthy. This gives the tissues time for healing before the next visit.
What is SED50	50% of population will incur skin erythema with a dose of 6 gy
What factors determine barrier thickness in the x-ray room design?	NCRP states controlled and uncontrolled area are designed based on Occupancy Factor, workload, and distance
Beam collimation helps reduce which type of interaction?	Compton
OSL dosimeters can be worn ___ months before changing	3
Can OSL dosimeters be re-analyzed if the dose is questioned for accuracy?	yes, the aluminum strip is not damaged with processed
Can TLD dosimeters be re-analyzed if questioned on accuracy?	No, once the crystals are heated they can not be reheated
Are TLD and OSL affected by visible light, heat and humidity?	no
TLD and OSL are used for alpha, gamma, and xray energies.	false - not alpha. Gamma is used in Radiation Therapy. Occupational dosimeters are for all radiation workers, not just radiographers.
What is located in the probe in a Geiger Muller counter to detect radiation particles?	gas
MMD	Mean Marrow Dose
Should repeat exposures be documented?	Yes, a way to track trends and find ways to improve and create educational meetings to reduce patient dose
List the two inherent filtration components in the tube	glass envelope and insulating oil
1 traditional unit of "rad" is equal to ______ ergs of deposited energy per gram of tissue	100
1 Si unit of "gray" is equal to ______ joule of energy deposited per kg of tissue	1 (notice the answer comparison to the rad - less two zeros)
List the two types of ionizing radiation used Radiology on the EMS	x-ray photons and gamma. The other ionizing radiation is UV and not used in radiology. Alpha and Beta are particulate radiations and not found on the EMS
EMS stands for:	Electromagnetic Spectrum
List the areas on the EMS that are not ionizing	visible light, infrared, microwaves, radio waves
The longer the wavelength the ____________________ the frequency	lower
The short wavelengths on the EMS will have ________frequency	high
Although all EMS radiations travel at the same velocity (speed of light), how do they differ?	different wavelengths and frequencies
How are x-ray energy and x-ray wavelength related?	inversely. As x-ray energy increases, wavelength decreases
What term is used to describe the number of cycles per second?	Frequency (a cycle is a complete loop from 0, negative, positive, back to 0. The baseline is the 0.
The x-ray beam emerging from the x-ray tube, before striking anything, is referred to as the ______	primary beam
The x-ray beam emerging from the part and striking the IR is referred to as the ______	remnant or exiting beam
What exposure factor(s) regulate x-ray beam quantity?	mA
What exposure factor(s) regulate x-ray beam quality?	kV
What exposure factor(s) regulate x-ray beam wavelength and beam penetration?	kV
What is defined as the reduction in intensity resulting from scattering and absorption process?	Attenuation
X-rays are electrically ____	neutral
What kind of effect do x-rays have on air?	ionizing
How can the energy of an x-ray beam be described?	polyenergetic
How many sets of collimators are there in the tube?	2 sets
The upper most set of collimators are placed directly under the tube port window. Why is this?	to reduce the amount of off-focus radiation exiting the tube
What are two important functions of beam restrictions?	reduce patient dose and improve image contrast
The use of pulsed fluoroscopy will ______ patient dose	decrease
How is fluoroscopic magnification related to spatial resolution and patient dose?	improved spatial resolution but increased patient dose
What is the fluoroscopic feature that changes kV and/or mA according to part thickness? This assists in reducing dose	ABC
The greatest enemy of recorded detail is ___________ and is a reason why radiographers require excellent communication to the patient.	motion
If there is a positive density pathology like a solid mass, fluid, blood, tissue, bony thickness, etc. how would we change our technical factors to reduce a repeat? Example: Pleural effusion, pneumonia, hemothorax	increase
If there is a negative density pathology like air or air like cyst in the bone how would we change our technical factors to reduce a repeat? Like a pneumoperitoneum, pneumothorax, or emphysema	decrease
What technical factor would we change to reduce motion?	time
What type of motion is reducing the time for helping?	involuntary
An RBE factor of 3 would indicate which type of radiation?	higher LET, xray would be 1
Whole body dose includes which of the the following? Blood forming organs, gonads, extremities	blood forming organs and gonads
True or false. Secondary radiation barriers include: the control booth, lead aprons, and the x-ray tube housing	True
The ESE for a lumbar spine exam is _______ msv	3 msv - which is the amount of background radiation the public receives in one year
True or false. Stochastic effects are both "all or nothing" and late effects	true
Which is more radiosensitive: mucosal lining of the small bowel or the epidermis?	small bowel
Temporary sterility would occur at _______ gy	2
Permanent sterility would occur at _____ gy	5 to 6
Radiation induced cataracts - termed Cataractogenesis has a threshold of ______ as a single dose and ________ as a cumulative dose. This is why lead glasses are suggested	.5/2 gy
Erythema could occur with a threshold of ___ gy	2
Epilation could occur with a threshold of ____ gy	3
Carcinogenesis can occur with a threshold of ______ gy	0. No threshold, probabilistic
Leukemia can occur with a threshold of ______ gy	0. No threshold, probabilistic
Hereditary defects will be passed down with a dose of ____ gy	0. No threshold, probabilistic

Created by: rcberger06

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