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Nutrition Terms
The Dental Hygienist's Guide to Nutritional Care
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nutrition | process by which living things use food to obtain nutrients for energy, growth, and development, and maintenance |
| Kilocalorie (Kcal) | a measure of heat equivalent to 1000 calories |
| Macronutrient | energy providing nutrients needed in larger amounts than micronutrients |
| Micronutrients | required in trace amounts for normal growth and development; vitamins and minerals |
| Nutrition Fact Label | enumerates nutrient content of foods for the serving size specified and discloses the number of servings in the package |
| Nutrient-dense | provides substantial amounts of vitamins and minerals but relatively few calories |
| Low Nutrient Density | foods or beverages (containing high fat, sugar, or alcohol) are chosen obtaining adequate amounts of essential nutrients without gaining weight is unachievable |
| Body Mass Index | preferred method of defining healthy weight because it correlates with actual body fat than height and weight tables |
| Enrichment | process by which iron, thiamin, riboflavin, folic acid, and niacin removed during processing are restored to approximate their original levels |
| Fortification | process by which nutrients not present in the natural product are added or increased in the original product |
| Complex Carbohydrates | polysaccharides, containing a minimum of 10 units of various simple sugars |
| Dietary Fiber | consists of several different types of nondetectable carbohydrates and lignin that occurs naturally in plants |
| Fermentable Carbohydrates | carbs that can be metabolized in plaque biofilm, including all sugars and cooked or processed starches, that can reduce salavary pH to <5.5 |
| Functional Fiber | fiber added during the manufacturing process |
| Hyperglycemia | blood glucose levels tat is greater than 103mg/dL before meals or greater than 180mg/dL 2 hours after meals |
| Hypoglycemia | blood glucose levels less than 70mg/dL |
| Ketosis | accumulation of ketones in the blood, or incompletely oxidized fatty products |
| Ketones | normal products of lipid metabolism in the liver, muscles can use ketones for energy only if adequate amounts of glucose are available |
| Nondigestable | enzymes in the human GI tract cannon digest and absorb the substance |
| Phenylketonuria | genetic disorder characterized by an inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine |
| Resistant Starch | form of dietary fiber that cannot be digested |
| Synergistic | when combined, sweeteners yield a sweeter taste than that provided by each sweetener alone |
| Kawashiorkor | develops when when young children consume adequate calories and inadequate high quality protein. Famine in the tropics. Usually appears after child is weaned from breastmilk |
| Marasmus | occurs in infants when both protein and calories are efficient in the diet |
| Ovolactovegetarian | eats a vegetarian diet supplemented with milk, eggs, and cheese |
| Ovovegetarian | diet consists of foods from plants with addition of eggs |
| Proteins-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) | certain phycological conditions ad impair digestion or absorption cause excessive protein loss, usually accompanied by other nutritional deficiencies |
| Proteolytic Enzymes (Protease) | Group of compounds that help the body break down food. They have been used to ease digestion. They have also been used to ease pain and promote healing in skin, muscle, and joint problems. |
| Sacropenia | progressive loss of muscle mass and strength with aging |
| Vegan | only eats plant foods |
| Vegetarian | does not eat meats |
| Lactovegitarian | only consumes products from plants and dairy |
| Protien | large molecular structures, amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, made from a combination of 10 amino acids |
| Lipids | dietary fats |
| Adipose Tissue | body fat |
| Essential Fatty Acids | cannot be synthesized by the body and must be obtained from dietary sources; linoleic acid |
| Hyperlipidemia | elevated concentrations of any or all of the blood lipids, especially triglycerides and LDL cholesterol |
| Monounsaturated | contain only one double bond, most abundant is oleic acid which is a structural component of the tooth |
| Omega 3 Fatty Acid | a-linolenic acids, the first double bond is located three carbon atoms from the omega end of the molecule |
| Polyunsaturated | 2 or more double bonds, linoleic acid and arachidonic acid (omega 6 fatty acid) |
| Structural Lipids | produced by the body for specific functions |
| Trans Fatty Acid | when hydrogen atoms are rotated so they are on opposite sides of the bonds, in the "trans"' position |
| Basal Energy Expenditure | calories necessary to maintain BMR plus additional calories needed for thermal effect, voluntary activities, and any increased needs from catabolic processes |
| Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) | indicates energy required for involuntary physiologic functions to maintain life (respiration, circulation, and maintenance of muscle tone and body temp) |
| Thermic Effect | food refers to increased energy expenditure resulting from consumption of food or the number of calories needed for digestion |
| Alopecia | hair loss |
| Diplopia | double vision |
| Follicular Hyperkeratosis | skin is thickened, dry, and wrinkled |
| Hypercarotenemia | elevated levels of carotene in blood due to excessive ingestion of vit. A characterized by the yellow pigmentation of the skin |
| Xerophthalmia | abnormal dryness of conjunctiva and cornea of the eye with inflammation causes night blindness, vit. A deficiency |
| Beriberi | severe thiamin deficiency, results in extensive damage to the nervous and cardiovascular systems |
| Cheilitis | cracking around corners of the mouth |
| Megaloblastic Anemia | RBC do not develop normally, they become pale and extremally large but cannot transport oxygen to cells |
| Pellagra | niacin deficiency resulting in degeneration of the skin, GI tract, and nervous system |
| Pyogenic | producing pus |
| Grave's Disease | thyroid over produces hormones |
| Wernickle-Korsakoff Syndrome | thiamin deficiency, typically associated with alcoholism, characterized by mental confusion, involuntary rapid movements of the eyes, and gait disorders or uncoordinated muscle movements |
| Scurvy | Vit. C deficiency, spontaneous gingival hemorrhaging perifollicular petechiae, follicular hyperkeratosis, diarrhea, fatigue, depression, and cessation of bone growth |
| Osteoperosis | age-related disorder characterized by decreased bone mass, causing bones to be more susceptible to fracture |
| Ricket's | vit. D deficencies, porous soft bones |
| Tetany | neuromuscular disorder of uncontrollable cramps and tremors involving the muscles of the face, hands, feet, and eventually the heart; caused by hypocalcemia |
| Hypercalcemia | excessive levels of calcium in the blood, rarely the result of dietary intake. Can result in insufficiency, kidney stones, of hypercalciuria. Usually seen in 5-8m olds. |
| Hypocalcemia | deficient levels of calcium, results in tetany which is a neuromuscular disorder of uncontrollable cramps and tremors involving the muscles of face, hands, feet, and eventually the heart |
| Kayser-Fleischer Ring | copper concentrates in the cornea, causing a brown or green ring |
| Keshan Disease | endemic cardiomyopathy is associated with sever selenium deficiency |
| Manganese Madness | magnesium miners and welders develop a syndrome like Parkinson’s disease; caused by being exposed to large amounts of magnesium fumes |
| Goiter | enlargement of the thyroid gland; caused by thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, or excessive iodine intake through foods, dietary supplements, topical medications, and iodinated contrast media. |
| Food Fads | catchall term covering all aspects of nutritional nonsense, characterized by exaggerated beliefs about value of nutrition in health and disease |
| Food Quackery | promotion of nutrition-related products or services having questionable safety and/or effectiveness for claims made |
| Chelation Therapy | uses specific chemicals to bind and eliminate heavy metals from the body |
| Colonics | cleanse the lower intestines assumes that years of bad diet causes the colon to become caked with layers of accumulated toxins |
| Detoxification | biochemical process that transforms non-water-soluble compounds excreted in the urine, sweat, bile, or stool |
| Food Pattern | generally develop during childhood and reflect the family’s lifestyle and its ethic or cultural, social, religious, geographical, economic, and psychological components |
| Organic | foods grown without synthetic pesticides, growth hormones, antibiotics, or genetic engineering |
| Atrophic Glossitis | atrophy of the filiform and fungiform papillae beginning at the tip of the tongue and gradually spreading to the entire dorsum pf the tongue |
| Binges | periods of over-eating |
| Bisphosphonates | medications primarily prescribed for postmenopausal and glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and multiple myeloma |
| Bradykinesia | slowness of movement |
| Chemotherapy | cancer treatment |
| Epilepsy | psychomotor seizures |
| Esophagitis | inflammation of the lower esophagus and may cause discomfort when swallowing |
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease | return of gastric contents into the esophagus |
| Glossodynia | pain in the tongue |
| Gluten | protein found mainly in wheat and rye a lesser degree in rye, oat, and barley |
| Herpetic Ulcerations | painful ulcerations of the oral mucosa with a red center and yellow boarder |
| Ischemia | inadequate blood flow and lack of oxygen because of constriction or obstruction of arteries |
| Kaposi Sarcoma | highly malignant tumor of blood vessel that originates on the skin and oral mucosa |
| Leukemia | generalized malignant disease characterized by distorted proliferation and development of WBC’s. Several types are classified according to how quickly they progress |
| Leukoplakia | white, yellow, or gray patch or plaque in the oral mucosa that cannot be removed by scraping or rubbing |
| Macroglossia | large, protruding tongue |
| Material Alba | small white deposits around necks of the teeth |
| Micrognathia | abnormally small jaw |
| Mucositis | inflamed, flat lesions with red boarders on the mucous membrane and pale or yellowish oral mucosa |
| Necrotizing Ulcerative Periodontitis (NUP) | soft tissue necrosis, rapid periodontal destruction, and interproximal bone loss. Presents substantial necrosis of gingival tissues, and loss of periodontal ligament and alveolar bone |
| Odynophagia | pain on swallowing |
| Parkinson Disease | progressive neurological condition characterized by involuntary muscle tremors, bradykinesia, muscular weakness, rigidity, stooped posture, decreased fine motor coordination, masklike expression, orthostatic hypotension, and peculiar gait |
| Pocketed Foods | food retained in the mouth, especially in the vestibule |
| Purging | counteracting the effects of overindulgence |
| Stomatitis | painful swelling and sores inside the mouth |
| Syrup of Ipecac | emetic drug |
| Thrombus | blood clot |
| Pica | is an abnormal consumption pf specific food and nonfood substances |
| Anencephaly | absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp that occurs during embryonic development |
| Atrophic Gingivitis | abnormally pale gingival tissues, occurs in menopausal wome |
| Dysesthesia | impairment of sense of touch, occurs in menopausal women |
| Erythropoiesis | formation of RBC |
| Gravidas | pregnant women |
| Hormone Replacement Therapy | symptoms of perimenopause and menopause may be treated, consists of low levels of estrogen and progesterone |
| Listeriosis | disease usually caused by food contaminated with the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes, affects infants and adults with weakened immune systems |
| Low Birth Weight | gestational low birth weight, weighing less than 5.5lbs |
| Menopausal Gingivostomatitis | dry and shiny gingivae and edematous mucosa |
| Menopause | decrease production of estrogen and progesterone by the ovaries resulting in termination of menses |
| Perimenopause | cluster of symptoms experienced by a women going through menopause |
| Preeclampsia | potentially serious complication of pregnancy involving high BP that often leads to premature delivery |
| Premature | gestational age less than 37 weeks, especially less than 32 weeks |
| Toxoplasmosis | caused by parasite, leading cause of death related to foodborne illness in USA |
| Age-related Macular Degeneration | deterioration in the central area if the retina in which lesions lead to loss of central vision |
| Dysphagia | difficulty swallowing |
| Hypogeusia | loss of taste |
| Full Liquid Diet | provides food in a liquid form for patients who are unable to chew |
| Mechanically Altered Diet | regular diet altered in consistency and texture for ease in mastication when chewing may be compromised |
| Bland Diet | includes foods that are soft, not very spicy, and low in fiber |
| Regular Diet | is a healthy meal plan that includes a variety of healthy foods from all the food groups |
| Xerostomia | diminished or absence of salivary flow or a change in the viscosity of saliva, it has a negative impact on oral tissues and dietary intake |
| Glossitis | chronic inflammation of the tongue, or glossitis, very painful |
| Sjogren Syndrome | an autoimmune disease that attacks salivary glands and results in xerostomia |
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