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Chapter 11

TermDefinition
Hearths Area or place where an idea, innovation, or technology originates.
Agriculture Purposefully growing crops and raising livestock to produce food (for humans), feed (for livestock), and fiber (for textiles).
First Agricultural Revolution The transformation of societies from hunting and gathering to purposeful raising of food, feed, and fiber.
Fertile Crescent Region in Mesopotamia and Anatolia where agriculture began.
Subsistence agriculture Self-sufficient agriculture that is small scale and low technology and emphasizes food production for local consumption, not for trade.
Shifting cultivation Agricultural practice based on clearing and farming land for a time before moving on to a new parcel and allowing the first to fill in with native vegetation.
Monoculture dependence on production of a single agricultural commodity
Second Agricultural Revolution A cluster of advances in breeding livestock, agricultural technology, and seed production to increase food, feed, and livestock production that took place in Europe in the 1700s and 1800s.
Columbian Exchange Movement of plants, animals, people, diseases, and ideas among Africa, Europe, and the Americas across the Atlantic.
Unequal exchange Uneven relationship between low labor costs and high-value products.
Green Revolution Natural and human-produced gases that cluster in the upper troposphere, where they absorb longwave energy emitted by Earth and reradiate it back to the surface, trapping energy and keeping Earth’s temperature warmer than it would be without the gases.
Third Agricultural Revolution Intensified agriculture that uses engineered seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation to increase intensive agricultural practices.
Cadastral System Method of land survey through which land ownership and property lines are defined.
Township and Range System Land survey system that divides Earth into square parcels called townships (6 miles by 6 miles), each of which has 36 sections (1 mile by 1 mile). Commonly found west of the Appalachian Mountains.
Metes and Bounds System Land survey system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees. Commonly found on the east coast of the United States.
Long-Lot Survey Land survey system that divides Earth into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals. Commonly found in France or places of French settlement, including Quebec and Louisiana.
Primogeniture land ownership inheritance practice where land is passed down to the eldest son.
Perishable Agricultural products that are susceptible to spoiling in transit.
Von Thunen Model A model that explains the location of agricultural activities in a spatial pattern of rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining where a crop or good is produced in reference to the market.
Cold chain System of harvesting produce that is not quite ripe and ripening it by controlling temperature from the fields to the grocery store.
Plantation agriculture Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation, and organized to produce a cash crop.
Bid Rent Theory The premise that the price and demand for land will go up the closer it is to the central city.
Intensive Agricultural Processes Production of agricultural goods using fertilizers, insecticides, and high-cost inputs to achieve the highest yields possible.
Indoor Vertical Farms Factories where produce is grown hydroponically without soil.
Extensive Agricultural Practices Production of agricultural goods primarily by hand with low use of fertilizers and high use of human labor.
Organic Agriculture Approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs.
Ethanol Renewable fuel made from plat materials called biomass.
Biodiesel Renewable fuel made from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant grease.
Hunger Living on less than the daily recommended 2100 calories the average person needs to live a healthy life.
Agency The belief an individual has in their ability to affect change in their life.
Vulnerability Probability of destruction of life or property from a hazard or crisis.
Malnutrition Undernutrition, inadequate vitamins, or obesity resulting from diet.
Food Desert Area characterized by a lack of availability of affordable, fresh, and nutritious food.
Urban agriculture Cultivating land or raising livestock in small plots in cities, generally on converted brownfields or on rooftops.
Created by: pl234991
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