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Chapter 11
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hearths | Area or place where an idea, innovation, or technology originates |
| Agriculture | Purposefully growing crops and raising livestock to produce food (for humans), feed (for animals), and fiber (for textiles) |
| First Agricultural Revolution | The transformation of societies from hunting and gathering to purposeful raising of food, feed, and fiber |
| Fertile Crescent | Region in Mesopotamia and Anatolia where agriculture began |
| Subsistance agriculture | Self-sufficient agriculture that is small scale and low technology and emphasizes food production for local consumption, not for trade |
| Shifting cultivation | Agricultural practice based on clearing and farming land for a time before moving on to a new parcel and allowing the first to fill in with native vegetation |
| Monoculture | Dependence on production of a single agricultural commodity |
| Second Agricultural Revolution | A cluster of advances in breeding livestock, agricultural technology, and seed production to increase food, feed, and livestock production that took place in Europe in the 1700s and 1800s |
| Columbian Exchange | Movement of plants, animals, people, diseases, and ideas among Africa, Europe, and the Americas across the Atlantic |
| Unequal exchange | Uneven relationship between low labor costs and high-value products |
| Green Revolution | Intensified agriculture that uses engineering seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation intensive agricultural practices |
| Third Agricultural Revolution | Green revolution |
| Cadastral System | Method of land survey through which land ownership and property lines are defined |
| Township and Range System | Land surgery system that divides Earth into square parcels called townships (6 miles by 6 miles), each of which has 36 sections ( 1 mile on by 1 mile); commonly found west of the Appalachian Mountains |
| Metes and Bounds System | Land survey system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees; commonly found on the east coast of the US |
| Long-Lot Survey | Land survey system that divides Earth into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals; commonly found in French settlements such as Quebec and Louisiana |
| Primogeniture | Land ownership inheritance practice where land is passed down to the eldest son |
| Perishable | Agricultural products that are susceptible to spoiling in transit |
| Von Thunen Model | A model that explains the location of agricultural activities in a spatial pattern of rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining where a crop or good is produced reference to the market |
| Cold chain | System of harvesting produce that is not quite ripe and ripening it by controlling temperature from the fields to the grocery store |
| Plantation agriculture | Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation, and organized to produce a cash crop |
| Bid Rent Theory | The premise that the price and demand for land will go up the closer it is to the central city |
| Intensive Agricultural Practices | Production of agricultural goods using fertilizers, insecticides, and high-cost inputs to achieve the highest yields possible |
| Indoor Vertical Farms | Factories where produce is grown hydroponically without soil |
| Extensive Agricultural Practices | Production of agricultural goods primarily by hand with low use of fertilizers and high use of human labor |
| Organic Agriculture | Approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs |
| Ethanol | Renewable fuel made from plat materials called biomass |
| Biodiesel | Renewable fuel made from vegetable oil, animal fats, or recycled restaurant grease |
| Hunger | Living on less than the daily recommended 2100 calories the average person needs to live a healthy life |
| Agency | The belief an individual has in their ability to affect change in their life |
| Vulnerability | Probability of destruction of life or property from a hazard or crisis |
| Malnutrition | Undernutrition, inadequate vitamins, or obesity resulting from diet |
| Food Desert | Area characterized by lack of availability of affordable, fresh, and nutritious food |
| Urban agriculture | Cultivating land or raising livestock in small plots in cities, generally on covered brownfields or on rooftops |
Created by:
RomyConn
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