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Chapter 11
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hearths | area or place where an idea, innovation, or technology originates |
| Agriculture | purposefully growing crops and raising livestock to produce food, feed, and fiber |
| First Agricultural Revolution | the transformation of societies from hunting and gathering to purposeful raising of food, feed, and fiber |
| Fertile Crescent | region in Mesopotamia and Anatolia where agriculture began |
| Subsistence Agriculture | self sufficient agriculture that is small scale and low technology and emphasizes food production for local consumption, not for trade |
| Shifting Cultivation | agricultural practice based on clearing and farming land for a time before moving on to a new parcel and allowing the first to fill in with native vegetation |
| Monoculture | dependence on production of a single agricultural commodity |
| Second Agricultural Revolution | a cluster of advances in breeding livestock, agricultural technology, and seed production to increase food, feed, and livestock production that took place in Europe in the 1700's and 1800's |
| Colombian Exchange | movement of plants, animals, people, diseases, and ideas among Africa, Europe, and the Americas across the Atlantic |
| Unequal Exchange | uneven relationship between low labor costs and high value products |
| Green Revolution | intensified agriculture that uses engineered seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation to increase intensive agricultural practices |
| Third Agricultural Revolution | intensified agriculture that uses engineered seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation to increase intensive agricultural practices |
| Cadastral System | method of land survey through which land ownership33 and property lines are defined |
| Township and Range System | land survey system that divides Earth into square panels called townships, each of which has 36 sections. Commonly found west of the Appalachian Mountains |
| Metes and Bounds System | land survey system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees. Commonly found on the east coast of the United States |
| Long-Lot System | land survey system that divides Earth into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals. commonly found in France or places of French settlement, including Quebec and Louisiana |
| Primogeniture | land ownership inheritance practice where land is passed down to the eldest son |
| Perishable | agricultural products that are susceptible to spoiling in transit |
| Von Thunen Model | a model that explains the location of agricultural activities in a spatial pattern of rings around a central market city, with profit earning capability the determining where a crop or good is produced in reference to the market |
| Cold Chain | system of harvesting produce that is not quite ripe and ripening it by controlling the temperature from the fields to the grocery store |
| Plantation Agriculture | production system based on a large estate owned by a family, or corporation, and organized to produce a cash crop |
| Bid Rent Theory | the premise that the price and demand for land will go up the closer it is to the central city |
| Intensive Agricultural Processes | production of agricultural goods using fertilizers, insecticides, and high cost inputs to achieve the highest yield possible |
| Indoor Vertical Farms | factories where produce is grown hydroponically without soil |
| Extensive Agricultural Practices | production of agricultural goods primarily by hand with low use of fertilizers and high use of human labor |
| Organic Agriculture | approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs |
| Ethanol | renewable fuel made from plane materials called biomass |
| Biodiesel | renewable fuel made from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant grease |
| Hunger | living on less than the daily recommended 2100 calories the average person needs to live a healthy life |
| Agency | the belief an individual has in their ability to affect change in their life |
| Vulnerability | probability of destruction of life or property from a hazard or crisis |
| Malnutrition | undernutrition, inadequate vitamins, or obesity resulting from diet |
| Food Desert | area characterized by a lack of availability of affordable, fresh, and nutritious food |
| Urban Agriculture | cultivating land or raising livestock in small plots in cities, generally on converted brownfields or on rooftops |
Created by:
pl251101
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