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Phlebotomy Chap 5
Chapter 5 CNM Human Anatomy and Physiology Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | Structural Composition |
| Physiology | Function |
| Anatomic Position | Standing erect, Arms at the side, Eyes and palms facing forward |
| Prone | Lying face down, Hand palm down |
| Pronation | The act of turning face or palm down |
| Supine | Lying on the back, face up |
| Supination | The act of turning face or palm up |
| What are the four body planes discussed in class? | Frontal, Sagittal, Midsaggittal, Transverse |
| Frontal means what? | Vertical front and back portions |
| Saggittal means what? | Vertical right and left portions |
| Midsaggittal means what? | Equal vertical right and left portions |
| Transverse means what? | Horizontal upper and lower portions |
| What are some directional terms? | Anterior (Ventral), External (Superficial), Meidal, Proximal, Superior (cranial), Posterior (dorsal), Internal (deep), Lateral, Distal, Inferior (Caudal). |
| Anterior (Ventral) | Pertaining to or referring to the front of the body; also call ventral |
| External (Superficial) | On or near the surface of the body; also called superficial |
| Medial | Toward the midline or middle |
| Proximal | Nearest to the center of the body or point of attachment |
| Superior (Cranial) | Higher, above or toward the head; also called cranial |
| Posterior (Dorsal) | Refers to the back; also called dorsal |
| Internal (Deep) | Within or near the center fo the body; also called deep |
| Lateral | Toward the side |
| Distal | Farthest from the center of the body, origin, or point of attachment |
| Inferior (Caudal) | Beneath, lower, or away from the head; also called caudal |
| What are the two body cavities? | Dorsal and ventral |
| What are the two Dorsal cavities | Cranial and Spinal |
| What are the three ventral cavities | Thoracic & abdominal & Pelvic |
| Homeostasis | Balanced or steady state |
| What are the two types of Metabolism | Catabolism and Anabolism |
| Catabolism | Complex to simple |
| Anabolism | Simple to complex |
| Cells | Basic structural units of all life |
| Tissue | Groups of similar cells working together |
| Organs | Structure of tissues that function together |
| What are the 10 body system discussed in class? | Skeletal, Muscular, Reproductive, Digestive, Endocrine, Nervous, Urinary, Integumentary, Repiratory, Circulatory |
| Skeletal System Function (5) | Support; Protection (EX: The skull protects the brain, and the ribs protect the heart and lungs; Movement and Leverage; Hemopoiesis(Blood cell formation); Calcium Storage |
| Skeletal System structures | 1. Bones(Flat bones[Rib and skull], Irregular bones[Vertebrae-backbone], Long Bones[Femur-leg bone], Short bones [Carpals-wrist bones] 2.Joints 3. Connective Tissue (Cartilage) |
| Key point to skeletal system is what? | Bones important to phlebotomy are the calcaneus (heel bone) and phalanx (finger) bone) |
| Skeletal System Disorder (7) | Arthritis, Bursitis, Gout, Osteomyelitis, Osteochondritis, Osteoporosis, Rickets, Tumors. |
| Arthritis | Joint Inflammation |
| Bursitis | Inflammation of the Bursa (Fluid filled sac) |
| Gout | Joint Disorder due to faulty uric acid metabolism |
| Osteomyelitis | Bone inflammation |
| Osteochondritis | Inflammation of the bone and cartilage |
| Osteoporosis | Loss of Bone density |
| Rickets | Abnormal bone formation due to lack of vitamin D |
| Tumors | Abnormal bone growth |
| Skeletal System Tests (8) | Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP); Calcium (Ca++); CBC; ESR; Phosphorus; Synovial fluid analysis; Uric Acid; Vitamin D. |
| Muscular System Functions | Movement, Posture, Heat Production, Organ function, Blood circulation |
| What are the Muscular System Structue (Muscle Types) | Skeletal, Viseral, Cardiac |
| The Muscular System Structure classified by? | Location, Microscopic structure, Nervous Cotrol |
| Classify Skeletal Muscle | Location - attached to bones; Microscopic structure - Striated (layered or banded; Nervous - Voluntary (Conscious). |
| Classify Viseral Muscle | Location - Line arteries, veins, and organs; Microscopic structure - Nonstriated (smooth); Nervous Control-Involuntary (unconscious). |
| Classify Cardiac Muscle | Location - Forms the wall of the heart; Microscopic structure - Special interwoven striated; Nervous Control - involuntary (unconscious). |
| What are the four Muscular System Disroders discussed in class? | Atrophy; Muscular dystrophy; Myalgia; Tendinitis |
| Atrophy | Wasting |
| Muscular dystrophy | Genetic muscle-wasting disease |
| Myalgia | Muscle Pain |
| Tendinitis | Tendon inflammation |
| Muscular System Test (7) | Autoimmune antibodies; Creatine phosphokinase (CPK/CK); Lactic Acid; Lactic Dehydrogenase (LDH); Myoglobin; Electromyograph.y; Biopsy |
| Integumentary System Function (5) | Protection (integument means covering or skin); Temperature regulation; Elimination of wastes; Reception of stimuli; Vitamin D manufacture |
| Integumentary System Structures Two catagory and subcatgory to the two. | Skin (Layers of the skin)= Epidermis, Dermis and Subcutaneous; and Associated structures = Oil and sweat glands, hair and nails, Blood vessels, Nerves and sensory organs. |
| Integumentary System Structures - Skin (Layers of the skin) Epidermis | Outermost &thinnest skin layer; Made of epithelial cells (stratified [layered]& keratinized[hardened]; Contains stratum germinativum, only layer with living cells, only layer where mitosis occurs,produces malanin; Described as avascular(no blood vessals) |
| Integumentary System Structures - Skin (Layers of the skin)Dermis (Corium or true skin) | Inner, thickest layer of the skin - made up of elastic, fibrous connective tissue; Dermal structures - Papillary Dermis {Junction of the dermis &epidermis; elevations &depressions (papillae) form fingerprints; Blood &lymph vessels; Glands &hair follicle} |
| Integumentary System Structures - Skin (Layers of the skin)Subcutaneous (under the skin) | Connective tissue and Adipose tissue; Connects skin to muscles and bone |
| Major Structure of the skin (5) | Arrector Pili, Hair Follicles, Nails, Sebaceous Glands, Sudoriferous glands |
| Arrector Pili | Tiny muscles attached to hair follicles; Cause "goose bumps" |
| Hair Follicles | Sheath from which hair develops |
| Nails | Nonliving Keratin material |
| Sebaceous Glands | Oil glands attached to hair follicles; Secrete sebum to help lubricate the skin |
| Sudoriferous Glands | Sweat Glands |
| Integumentary System Disorder (10) | Acne, Caner, Dermatitis, Fungal Infections, Herpes, Impetigo, Keloid, Pedicuious, Pruritis, Psoriasis |
| Acne | Inflamed Oil Glands |
| Cancer | Basal cell, squamous, or melanoma, |
| Fungal Infection | i.e., tinea and ringworms |
| Herpes | Cold sores |
| Impetigo | Staph or Strep infection |
| Keloid | Fibrous Scar tissue |
| Pediculous | Lice |
| Pruritus | Itching |
| Psoriasis | Chronic Skin disease |
| Integumentary Systems tests | Biopsy, Microbial Culture, Skin scraping for fungal culture, Skin scraping for KOH (potassium hydroxide) perparation, Tissue cultures |
| Integumentary Systems tests | Biopsy, Microbial Culture, Skin scraping for fungal culture, Skin scraping for KOH (potassium hydroxide) preparation, Tissue cultures |
| What is the function of the Nervous System? | Controls and coordinates body system activities (Electrical impulses and chemeical subtances) |
| What is the fundamental unit of the Nervous system? | Neuron |
| What are the functional divisions of the Nervous System? | Somatic and Autonomic |
| What are the structural divisions of the Nervous system? | Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) | 1. Command Center (Interprets information and Dictates Response). 2. Consists of brain and spinal cord [(Enclosed/protected by fluid CSF - Fluid obtained through lumbar puncture) and (Space covered by meninges)] |
| Peripheral Nervous System | Connects CNS to every part of the body; Functional Division = Sensory (Afferent) Nerves and Motor (Efferent) Nerves |
| Sensory (Afferent) Nerves Impulse goes to or from? | Carry impulses to CNS |
| Motor (Efferent) Nerves Impulse goes to or from? | Carry impulses from CNS |
| Motor (Efferent) Nerves - What are the two divisions? | Somatic (voluntary) nervous system and Autonomic (involuntary) nervous system (ANS) |
| What are the nine Nervous System Disorders discussed in lecture? | Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Encephalitis, Epilepsy,Hydrocephalus, Meningitis, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Neuralgia, Parkinson's Disease, Shingles |
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) | Motor Nerve Disorder |
| Encephalitis | Brain Inflammation |
| Epilepsy | Seizure Disorder |
| Hydrocephalus | CSF building in the brain |
| Meningitis | Inflammation of meninges |
| Multiple Sclerosis (MS) | Myelin Sheath disorder |
| Neuralgia | Nerve pain |
| Parkinson's Disease | Nervous Disorder |
| Shingles | Herpes along a nerve |
| Nervous System Tests | Acetycholine; Cholinesterase; Dilantin; Electroencephalogram (EEG); Serotonin; CSF analysis (Cell count, Glucose, Protein, Culture) |
| Endocrine System Structures secretes hormones that affect what (6)? | Metabolism, Growth and development, Reproduction, Personality, Reaction to stress, Resistance to disease. |
| Endocrine System Structures (Glands) | Pituitary, Thyroid, Pineal, Adrenal |
| Endocrine System Structures [Organs and structures with endocrine function (3)] | Ovaries, Testes, Islet of Langerhans-in pancreas |
| Pituitary Gland (Master Gland) | Master Gland; Located in the brain; Secretes hormones that control other glands. These hormones include Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Antidiuretic hormone(ADH),Follicle-Stimulating hormone(FSH),Growth Hormone (GH),Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | Stimulates the adrenal glands |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | Decreases urine production |
| Follicle-Stimulating hormone(FSH) | Affects the ovaries |
| Growth Hormone (GH) | Regulates growth |
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | Stimulates the hormone |
| Pineal | Located behind the pituitary; Function not fully understood; Secretes melatonin = Inhibited by light/enhanced by dark and plays role in diurnal rhythms. |
| Thyroid | Located in the throat near the larynx, Hormones production required iodine, Secretes (Calcitonin, Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4) |
| Calcitonin | Regulates calcium levels |
| Triiodothyronine (T3) | Increases metabolic rate |
| Thyroxine (T4) | Increase metabolic rate |
| Parathyroids (4) | Located behind the thyroid (2 on each side), Secretes parathyroid hormones (PTH) |
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) | Regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism |
| Thymus | Located in the chest behind the sternum; Secretes thymosin |
| Thymosin | Required for maturation of T lymphocytes and development of immunity |
| Adrenals (2) | One located on top of each kidney; Secrete Epinephrine and Norepinephrine, Cortisol, Aldosterone. |
| Epinephrine and Norepinephrine | Also called adrenaline and noradrenaline; Increase blood pressure, heart activity, glucose; Called "fight or flight" hormones; Helps kidneys regulates sodium and potassium |
| Cortisol | Suppresses inflammation |
| Aldosterone | |
| Islet of Langerhans in the pancreas | Secretes insulin and glucagon (regulates glucose levels) |
| Testes | Secretes Testosterone (Controls male reproductive system and development of male sexual characteristics) |
| Ovaries | Secretes estrogen (Controls female reproductive system and development of female characteristics); Secretes Progesterone (Prepares the body for pregnacy) |
| Heart | B-type Natriuetic peptide (BNP) |
| Stomach Lining | Secretes a digestive hormone |
| Placenta | Secretes hormone that affect pregnacy; Cells that form the placenta secrete HCG |
| Kidneys | Secretes renin to increase blood pressure; secretes erythropoietin to increase RBC |
| Endocrine System Disorders | Hypersecretion (Overproduction of hormone); Hyposecretion (Underproduction of hormone; ofen related to benigh tumors |
| Pituitary Disorders (4) | Acromegaly, Diabetes Insipidus, Dwarfism, Gigantism |
| Acromegaly | Overgrowth of bones in hands, face and feet from excess GH in adulthood |
| Diabetes Insipidus | Increased thirst and urine production from too little ADH (also called vasopressin) |
| Vosopressin | ADH |
| Gigantism | Excessive growth from excess GH |
| Thyroid Disorders | Congenital hypothyroidism, Cretinism, Goiter, Hyperthyroidism (Graves disease), Hypothyroidism, Myxedema (hypothyroid syndrome) |
| Congenital hypothyroidism | Low thyroid acitivity in a new born |
| Cretinism | Abnormal development in untreated hypthyroidism |
| Goiter | Enlarged thyroid gland |
| Hyperthyroidism (Graves disease) | Condition resulting from hypersecretion of the thyroid |
| Hypothyroidism | Condition resulting from decreased thyroid secretion |
| Myxedema(hypothyroid syndrome) | Condition resulting from decreased thyroid functioning |
| Parathyroid Disorders | Hypersecretion Disorders (kidney stones, Bone destruction); Hyposecretion Disorders (Muscle spasms, Convulsions) |
| Adrenal Disorders | Addison's disease, Aldosteronism and Cushing Syndrome |
| Pancreatic Disorder | Diabetes Mellitus,Diabetes Mellitus type I(Insulin Depenedent), Diabetes Mellitus type II (non-insulin dependent), Hyperinsulinism, Hypoglycemia |
| Diabetes Mellitus | Result from insuling deficiency |
| Diabetes Mellitus type I(Insulin Depenedent) | Results from inability to produce insulin |
| Diabetes Mellitus type II (non-insulin dependent | Results form too little insulin or impaired insulin use |
| Hyperinsulinism | Exessive insulin secretions or insulin overdose |
| Hypoglycemia | Low blood sugar from hyperinsulinism |
| Endocrine System Tests (12) | Adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH), Aldosterone, Antidiuretic hormone(ADH), Cortisol, Erythropoietin, Glucagon, Glucose Tolerance Test(GTT), Glycosylated hemoglobin(HgbA1C), Growth hormone, Insulin level, Plasma Renin, Thyroid function studies |
| Thyroid function studies | T3, T4,TSH,FT3,FT4 |
| Digestive Systems Functions | Take in food, Break it down to a form that can be absorbed, Eliminate waste products of digestion |
| Digestive Systems Structures -Gastrointestinal (GI) tract | Mouth, Pharynx, Throat, Esophagus, Stomach, Small and Large intestine |
| Digestive Systems Structures - Accessory Organs | Lips, Teeth, Tongue, Salivary glands, Liver, Pancreas, Gallbladder |
| Liver | Glycogen storage, Protein catabolism, Detoxification, Secrete bile |
| Gallbladder | Concentrating and store bile (for the metabolism of cholestorol) |
| Pancreas | Secrete insulin, Secrete glucagon, produce digestive enzyme (Amylase, Lipase, Trypsin) |
| Digestive System Disorders | Appendicitis, Cholecystitis, Colitis, Diverticulosis, Gastritis, Gastroenteritis, Hepatitis, Pancreatitis, Peritonitis,Ulcer |
| Appendicitis | Inflamed appendix |
| Cholecystitis | Inflamed gallbladder |
| Colitis | Colon inflammation |
| Diverticulosis | Pouches colon wall |
| Gastritis | Inflamed stomach lining |
| Gastroenteritis | Inflamed intestinal tract |
| Hepatitis | Inflamed Liver |
| Pancreatitis | Inflamed pancreas |
| Peritonitis | Inflamed lining of the abdominal cavity |
| Ulcer | Open sore or lesion |
| Digestive System Tests-Gastrointestinal | Fecal fat (feces); Gastric analysis (gastric contents); Occult blood (feces); Ova and parasite (feces); Serum gastrin analysis (blood); Stool analysis (feces) |
| Digestive System Tests-Accessory organs | Ammonia (AMM);Amylase (AMY); Bilirubin (BILI);Carcinoembryonic (CEA); Carotene; Cholesterol(CHOL); CBC; Glucose(GLU); Glucose Tolerance (GTT); Lipase (LIP); Triglycerides (TRIG) |
| Reproductive Systems Functions | Produce gametes or sex cells (Female gametes (ova or eggs), Male gametes (Sperm); Manufacture hormone that regulate the reproductive process. |
| Reproductive System Structure Female | Ovaries, Fallopian tubes, Uterus, Cervix, Vagina, Vulva |
| Reproductive System Structure Male | Testes, Seminal Vesicles, Prostate, Epididymis,Vas deferens, Seminal ducts, Urethra, Penis, Spermatic cords, Scrotum |
| Reproductive System Disorders | Cervical Cancer, Infertility, Ovarian cancer, Overian cyst, Prostate cancer, Sexually transmitted disease (STDS), Uterine cancer |
| Cervical Cancer | Cancer of the cervix |
| Infertility | Lower than normal ability to reproduce |
| Ovarian cancer | Cancer of the ovaries |
| Overian cyst | Usually nonmalignant growth on an ovary |
| Prostate cancer | Cancer of the prostate gland |
| Sexually transmitted disease (STDS) | Syphillis, Gonorrhea, Genital herpes |
| Uterine cancer | Cancer of the uterus |
| Reproductive System Tests | Acid Phosphatase, Estrogen, Follicle-stimulating Hormone(FSH),Human chorionic gonadotropin(HCG),Luteinizing hormone(LH),Microbiological cultures,PAP smear,Prostate specific antigen(PSA),Rapid plasma reagin(RPR),Testosterone,Viral tissue studies. |
| Acid Phosphatase | prostate cancer |
| Urinary System Functions (3) | Filters and eliminate waste from the blood, Help regulate body fluids (Maintain water and electrolyte balance),Create and eliminate urine. |
| Urinary System Structures (5) | Two kidneys, Two ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra |
| Kidney Structures | Nephron and Gomerulus |
| Nephron | Fundamental unit of kidney (Over a million per kidney) |
| Glomerulus | Structure within the nephron (Tuft of capillaries that filter the blood) |
| Urinary System Disorders | Renal failure, Nephritis, Uremia, Kidney stones, Cystitis, Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) |
| Renal failure | Several impairment of renal function |
| Nephritis | Inflammation of the kidney |
| Uremia | Building of toxic waste in the blood from impaired kidney function. |
| Kidney stones | Solid formation of crystallized urinary salts |
| Cystitis | Bladder inflammation |
| Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) | Infection involving the urinary system |
| Urinary System Tests | Albumin(ALB), Ammonnia(AMM), Blood Urea Nitrogen(BUN), Blood Creatinine(Creat), Creatinine clearance, Electrolytes(ELEC), Osmolality(OSMO), Urinalysis(UA), Urine Culture &sensitivity(C&S),Intravenous Pyelography,Renal Biopsy,Nuclear magnetic resource(NMR) |
| Repiratory System Functions | Exchange of gases between the blood and air (Delivers oxygen (O2) to the cells and removes carbon dioxide (CO2) from the cells; Functions with the circulatory system (External repiration and Internal respiration) |
| External repiration | O2 from the air enters teh bloodstream in the lungs; CO2 leaves the bloodstream and enters the cells |
| Internal respiration | O2 leaves the bloodstream and enters the cells; CO2 from the cells enters the bloodstream |
| Repiratory System Functions - Gas Exchange Transport | Normal External Respiration, Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport, Partial Pressure of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide |
| Normal External Respiration | O2 and CO2 diffuse through the walls of alveoli (go from area of higher concentration to lower); O2 goes into the oxygen poor capillaries; CO2 goes from capillaries into CO2 poor alveoli. |
| Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport | Hemoglobin and O2 bind to create oxyhemoglobin; Hemoglobin bound to CO2 is carbaminohemoglobin (20% is carried as carbaminohemoglobin and 70% of CO2 is transported as bicarbonate ion (HCO3) and this is what is tested in your serum or plasma) |
| Partial Pressure of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide | 1. Pressure exerted by one gas in a mixture (partial pressure of oxygen is PO2 and partial pressure of carbon dioxide is PCO2). 2. O2 combines with Hgb in the lungs where PO2 is increased and is released in the tissues where PO2 is decreased. |
| Partial Pressure of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide (Continued) | 3. CO2 combines with Hgb in the tissues with PCO2 is released in the lungs where PCO2 is decreased. |
| Acid-Base (pH) Balance - Acidosis | Increased CO2 causes decreased pH; Body responds by increasing respiration (Hyperventilation) |
| Acid-Base (pH) Balance - Alkalosis | Decreased CO2 caused by hyperventilation; Decreased CO2 causes increased pH |
| Respiratory System Structures provide what? | Continuous pathway (tract) for the flow of air to and from the lungs |
| Respiratory System Structures | Nose, Pharynx, Epiglottis, Larynx, Lungs, Trachea, Alveoli |
| Nose | Warms, moistens, and filters incoming air |
| Pharynx | Passageway for both food and air; Connects with the esophagus and the larynx |
| Epiglottis | Covers opening of larynx during swallowing |
| Lower Trachea | Branchs into two Bronchi |
| Bronchi | Divides into two main branches in the lungs (Branches divide into smaller and smaller branches until they reach the terminal bronchioles) |
| Lungs | Right has three lobes and left has two lobes |
| Terminal Bronchioles | Branch into respiratory bronchioles |
| Respiratory Bronchioles | Attach to alveolar ducts; Have a cup shaped outpouching called alveoli |
| Alveolar Ducts | Also have alveoli; Ends of ducts clustered into alveolar sacs |
| Alveoli | Single layer of epithelium covered by thin membrane; Alveolar walls are coated with surfactant (Helps keep them from collapsing) |
| Repiratory System Disorders | Apnea, Asthma, Bronchitis, Pulmonary edema, Dyspnea, Emphysema, Hypoxia, IRDS, Pleurisy, Pnemonia, Pulmonary edema, Tuberculosis (TB), Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), Rhinitis, Tonsillitis, URI |
| Apnea | Temporary stoppage of breathing |
| Asthma | Difficulty breathing caused by bronchi spasms or swelling |
| Bronchitis | Inflammation of the bronchial membrane |
| Pulmonary edema | Fluid in the lungs |
| Dyspnea | Labored breathing |
| Emphysema | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) |
| Hypoxia | Oxygen deficiency |
| IRDS | Infant respiratory distress syndrome (due to lack of surfactant) |
| Pleurisy | Inflammation of the pleural membrane |
| Pnemonia | Lung inflammation |
| Pulmonary edema | Fluid in the lung |
| Tuberculosis (TB) | Infectious respiratory disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) | Major cause of infant & child respiratory distress |
| Rhinitis | Inflamed nasal membranes |
| Tonsillitis | Inflamed tonsils |
| URI | Upper Respiratory Infection |
| Respiratory System Tests | Acid-fast bacillus (TB) culture/smear, Arterial blood gases (ABGs), Capillary blood gases (CBG), Complete Blood Count (CBC), Electrolytes (ELEC), Drug level, Microbial culture, Pleuracentesis, Skin test (PPD or TB), Sputum cultures, Bronchial washings |
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