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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 2 main classes of hormones | Steroid Peptide Hormone |
| Peptide Hormones | water-soluble and bind to receptors on the surface of target cells they include a signaling cascade that leads to a rapid, but short-lived, response. |
| Steroid Hormones | fat-soluble and can pass through the plasma membrane and bind to receptors inside the cell. They induce changes in cellular gene expression, so their effects are longer lasting |
| Positive feedback | the response to a deviation will lead to a larger response to a deviation will lead to a larger response large physical changes <delivery a baby> |
| Negative Feedback | a process in which a deviation from normal is detected, a response is made, and the response alleviates need for further action to address the deviation <high blood glucose.. will inhibit insulin> |
| Regulatory gland of Endocrine system | Hypothalamus (located in the brain under the thalamus) |
| OXYTOCIN | stimulates uterine contractions during labor |
| VASOPRESSIN (antidiuretic hormone) | induces water reabsorption in the Kidney. |
| Anterior Pituitary releases | Direct Hormone: stimulate a response directly at a target organ Tropic Hormones: induce hormone release by other glands |
| FOLLICLE_STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) | Female, induces the maturation of an ovarian follicles Male, stimulates spermatogenesis |
| LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH) | Female, induces ovulation Male, stimulate testosterone production |
| ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH) | stimulate the adrenal glands to release hormones |
| THYROID_STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH) | stimulate the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones |
| PROLACTIN | induces milk production at the mammary glands in females |
| ENDORPHINS | inhibit the perception of pain |
| GROWTH HORMONE Target: most cell of body : muscle, connective tissue Response: increase growth or healing (tissue regeneration) | Stimulus: normal development decrease GH Hypothalamus release: GHRH Anti-pituitary release GH Mechanism: increase protein synthesis, mitosis |
| PINEAL GLAND light-dark cycles | secretes melatonin to regulate sleep cycles |
| THYROID & PARATHYROID locate in the Neck | control both metabolism and calcium balance |
| PARATHYROID HORMONE | response to low blood calcium induces the breakdown of bone to increase blood calcium levels |
| THYROID HORMONES (T3 and T4) thyroid gland, upon stimulation by TSH, will absorb iodine and produce thyroid hormones | regulate metabolic rate releases calcitonin in response to high blood calcium levels and induces the storage of calcium in bone |
| HYPOTHYROIDISM | caused insufficient thyroid hormone production, and symptoms include weight gain, fatigue, and cold intolerance. |
| HYPERTHYROIDISM | caused by overproduction of thyroid hormones Symptoms: weight loss, hyperactivity, and heat tolerance |
| PANCREAS release 2 main hormones | INSULIN GLUCAGON |
| INSULIN | response to high blood glucose. induces the storage of glucose in glycogen and stimulates glucose uptake by cells |
| GLUCAGON | response to low blood sugar. induces the release of glucose from glycogen stores and gluco-neogenesis. |
| TYPE I DIABETES | caused by damaged to the cells that produce Insulin, treated with administration of exogenous insulin |
| TYPE II DIABETES | caused by insulin resistance the body still produces insulin, but the cells are unable to respond managed with diet and lifestyle changes. |
| ADRENAL GLANDS secrete located just above the kidneys composed of an outer cortex and inner medulla | EPINEPHRINE induce "fight or flight" response |
| regulates salt balance | ALDOSTERONE |
| leads to development of secondary female sex characteristics | ESTROGEN produce by Ovary |
| maintains the uterine wall | PROGESTERONE released by the Ovaries |
| development of secondary male sex characteristics during puberty | TESTOTERONE induces male sexual differentiation in utero |
| 1. A client presents with specific overproduction of the hormone aldosterone, which regulates salt balance in the body. This condition can be best explained by a tumor in which of the following endocrine glands? | (A) Hypothalamus (B) Anterior pituitary (C) Adrenal Cortex (D) Adrenal medulla |
| 2. Which of the following best explains what occurs after a person eats a meal high in refined sugar? | (A) Blood glucose rises, triggering a release of insulin and causing blood glucose to increase (B) blood glucose drops, triggering a release of glucagon and causing blood glucose to increase (C) Blood glucose rises, triggering a realease of insulin and |
| Stimulus: increase[UV], pregnancy Anti-pituitary: median eminence release MSH Target: (epidemis) melanocytes Response: increase skin pigmentation (melanin production) | MSH (malanocyte stimulating Hormone) |
| 1. Water- soluble hormones (all amino acid-based hormones except thyroid hormone) 2. Lipid-soluble hormones (steroid and thyroid hormones) | TWO POSSIBLE HORMONAL ACTION |
| one hormone cannot exert its effect w/o another hormone being present Ex: reproductive hormones need thyroid hormone to have effect | PERMISSIVENESS |
| more than one hormone produces same effects on target cells, causing amplification Ex: glucagon and epinephrine both cause liver to release glucose | SYNERGISM |
| one or more hormones oppose(s) action of another hormone Ex: insulin and glucagon | ANTAGONISM |
| MALE (FSH) | Hypothalamus release: GnRH Anti-pituitary release: FSH Target: Seminiferous tubules Response: initiate sperm production |
| FEMALE (FSH) Stimulus: normal sexual development, low concentration of [FSH] maturing Follicle release estrogen Target endometrium (increase thickness of lining- estrogen with blood) | Hypothalamus release: GnRH Anti-pituitary release: FSH Target: Ovarian Follicle Response: Follicle maturation (1>2>3 Follicle) |
| MALE [LH] Stimulus: normal sexual development, low concentration of [LH] | Hypothalamus release: GnHR Anti-pituitary release: LH Target: Anterstitial cells of testes Response: increase testosterone secretion , decrease brain ,skeletal, CT tissue, seminiferous tubules (increase sperm production). |
| FEMALE [LH] the remain of the follicle [corpus lutheum] release progesterone ... target endometrium prevent menstruation | Hypothalamus release: GnHR Anti-pituitary release: LH Target: Ovarian follicle Response: ovulation |
| GLUCOCORTICOIDs - cortisone, cortisol Steroid hormone Target: Liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle Response: increase [glucose] blood Mechanism: Glycogenolysis [liver and skeletal muscle] Gluconeogenesis [skeletal muscle] | Stimulus: Very low concentration of glucose in blood [starving], prolonged stress Hypothalamus secrete: CRH- corticotropic releasing hormone Anti-pituitary secretes: ACTH- adrenocorticopic Hormone Zona fasciculata 8 adrenal cortex release: Cortiso |
| GLUCAGON when glucose is gone, we release glucagon | Stimulus: low [ glucose] level Endocrine organ: Liver/ pancreatic islets (of Langerhans)- a cells release glucagon Target: Liver and skeletal muscle Response: increase [glucose] blood Mechanism: Glycogenolysis |
| INSULIN makes your cell takes glucose Response: increase [glucose] blood Mechanism: Glycogenesis (w Liver and skeletal muscle @ adipose > convert sugar into fat | Stimulus: high [ glucose] level Endocrine organ: Liver/ pancreatic islets (of Langerhans)- b cells release glucagon Target: Liver and skeletal muscle , adipose tissue |
| Diabetes mellitus TYPE I (Insulin-dependent) | autoimmune disorder, our WBCs destroy beta cells of pancreatic islets- can no longer produce insulin |
| TYPE II (Insulin-independent)/ non-insulin dependent | beta cells make Insulin Target cell lack Insulin receptors |
| agonist | same effect |
| antagonist | opposite effect |
| CALCITONIN tone Ca2+ down Mechanism: - Bones, CT stimulates Osteogenesis (increase osteoblast activity) - Kidneys: increase Ca2+ loss in urine | Stimulus: elevate [Ca2+] blood Endocrine organ release: parafollicular cells of thyroid release Calcitonin (CT) target: Bones and kidneys Response: decrease [Ca2+] blood |
| PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) Mechanism: - Bones: increase osteolysis (osteolast activity), decrease osteoblast activity (osteogenesis) - Kidney: increase Ca2+ loss in urine | Stimulus: low [Ca2+] blood Endocrine organ releases: parathyroid gland , chief cells release PTH Target: bone, kidney Response: increase [Ca2+] blood |
| EPO, erythroqoietin produce RBCs | Stimulus: decrease blood V, P, renal blood flow Endocrine organ release: kidneys secrete EPO Target: Red bone marrow Response: increase BV, BP, renal blood flow Mechanism: increase erythropoiesis |
| Thymosins | Stimulus: normal development Endocrine organ releases: Thymic corpuscles of Thymus release Thymosins Response: increase WBCs count (leucopoiesis) Mechanism: increase Leukocytes |
| MELATONIN- mellows u out | Stimulus: decrease exposure to UV light (darkness) Endocrine organ releases: pinealocytes (pineal gland), release melatonin Target: Brain Response: decrease awareness (drowsy) |
| Due to decrease BP, BV, renal blood flow or increase [Na+, Cl-] the Kidney release Renin | Renin converts angiotensinogen (Liver) into A1 A1 passes thru lung where ACE converts A1. A2 A2 targets zona glomerulosa od adrenal cortex and cause to release aldosterone Aldosterone targets kidneys to increase Na+, Cl- retention |
| Zona glomerulosa | mineral corticoids Aldosterone - salt |
| Zona fasciculata | glucocorticoids cortisone, cortisol Glucose/ sugar |
| Zona Reticularis | androgens increase sex hormone testoterone medulla...> excitement (Andrenalin) NE |
| hypothesis | the scientific name for pituitary gland |
| adeno hypothesis - 2 are tropic hormones regulate secretion of other hormones GH.... TSH- tropic ACTH- tropic FSH- tropic LH- tropic PRL... | the anterior pituitary |
| neuro hypothesis | the posterior pituitary |
| List #07 hormone released by the adeno hypothesis | T3, T4 GH Glucocorticoids (cortisone/ cortisol) PRL MSH FSH LH |
| Function of Thyroid Follicle | Thyroid Follicle contain a compound or a substance called colloid which is rich in T3, T4 or the thyroid hormone get released into the bloodstream |
| Parafollicular cell of thyroid gland | ships a pair of Follicular cells the pair of molecular cells will synthesized calcitonin |
| TABLE 16.4 | Adrenal Gland Hormones: Summary of Regulation and Effects |
| Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)- Outer Zona Glomerulosa | Stimulated renin-angiotensin aldosterone Target: Kidney Effect: increase Aldosteronism decrease Addison's disease |
| Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) | Stimulate:by ACTH Target: Body cells Effects: increase Cushing'a syndrome decrease Addison's disease |
| Gonadocorticoids (Androgen, converted to testosterone or estrogens after release) | Stimulate: by ACTH Target: male and female Effect: increase masculinization of female (adrenogenital syndrome) |
| Catecholamines (Epinephrine and norepinephrine) | Stimulate: Nervous system Target: Organs Effect: increase prolonged fight or flight response, hypertension increase unimportant |
| HEART | Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) decreases blood Na+ concentration, blood V & P |
| KIDNEY | Erythropoietin signals production of RBCs Renin initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism |
| ADIPOSE TISSUE | Leptin: appetite control; stimulate increased energy expenditure Resistin: insulin antagonist Adiponectin: enhances sensitivity to insulin |
| GI tract release Cholecystokinin(CCK) activates pancreas, gallbladder, and hepatopancreatic sphincter Incretins enhance insulin release and inhibit glucagon | Gastrin stimulates release if HCl Ghrelin from stomach stimulates food intake Secretin stimulates liver and pancreas |
| Homeostatic Imbalance 1. ADH deficiency damage to hypothalamus or posterior pituitary 2. Retention of fluid, headache, disorientation Fluid restriction; blood sodium level monitoring | 1.Diabetes insipidus 2.Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) |
| ? Hormone action on target cells | |
| Hypersecretion of GH caused by anterior pituitary tumor - children result in gigantism : height reach to 8 feet - adult result in acromegaly: overgrowth of hands, feet, face Hyposecretion of GH - childrem results in pituitary dwarfism: | Homeostatic Imbalance |
| receptor protein | inside the target cell |
| amino acid base and water soluble | |
| hormone cascades | the result of one kind of hormone bossing around the cells that produce another kind of hormone |
| steroidal and lipid-soluble | |
| HPA Axis effects your stress response - hypothalamus pituitary adrenal axis | - Adrenal gland: shutdown digestion release energy increase blood pressure |
| HPT Axis - hypothalamus. pituitary thyroid axis release TRH into the bloodstream come to the anterior pituitary release TSH into bloodstream | -thyroid: regulate just about everything related to your homeostasis Ex: Left the jacket in the bus and then Your Endocrine gets involve as soon as your body senses that the temperature of your blood has change |
| burning Glucose | breaking it down so its component parts can be used to produce ATP |
| Metabolism | |
| Calorigenic | |
| Thyroid hormone For forgot the jacket in the bus | maintaining blood pressure promoting the growth of tissue triggering the secretion of digestive juices |
| If much people like her mean "Auto immune disease" Abnormal antibody: thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAb) mimic hormones If thyroid doesn't stop that's why the sign u to stop Thyroid eye disease those disruptive anti bodies cause inflammation | Like her always hot and sweaty: + Her hypothalamus was screaming that she was warm enough, but those antibodies were hijacking the hormone cascade. and she lose weight even eat over time because thyroid no longer regulating her metabolism properly |
Created by:
venni
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