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Pharmacology Mod5+6

QuestionAnswer
What are preventers for Allergic Rhinitis? Antihistamines, intranasal corticosteroids, mast cell stabilizers
What are relievers for Allergic Rhinitis? oral and intranasal decongestants
What is the MOA of diphenhydramine (Benadryl)? Histamine receptor blocker
What is the primary use of diphenhydramine (Benadryl)? To treat minor symptoms of allergy and common cold
What are contraindications of diphenhydramine (Benadryl)? BPH, narrow angle glaucoma, GI obstruction
What is the drug of choice in treating allergic rhinitis? Intranasal corticosteroids
What is the MOA of intranasal corticosteroids? Reduces tissue edema and causes mild vasoconstriction
What is the pharmacologic class for fluticasone (Flonase)? Corticosteroid
What is the primary use of fluticasone (Flonase)? To treat seasonal allergic rhinitis
What are adverse effects of fluticasone (Flonase)? Nasal irritation, epistaxis, headache
What are contraindications of fluticasone (Flonase)? Patients with known infections should not receive the medication.
What drug does fluticasone (Flonase) interact with? Ritonavir
How long should you use intranasal preparations? 3-5 days due to rebound congestion
What is the pharmacologic class for oxymetazoline (Afrin)? sympathomimetic
How long should the patient take oxymetazoline (Afrin)? 3-5 days
What are contraindications for oxymetazoline (Afrin)? patients with thyroid disorders, HTN, diabetes, heart disease
What do antitussives do for a cough? Inhibit cough
What do opioids do for a cough? Inhibits severe cough
What do expectorants do for a cough? Inhibit mucus production
What do mucolytics do for a cough? Loosen thick bronchial secretions
What are examples of antitussives? Benzonatate (tessalon) and Dextromethorphan (delsym, robitussin)
What is an example of an expectorant? Guaifenesin (mucinex)
What are examples of mucolytics? Acetylcysteine (mucomyst), Dornase Alfa
What are adverse effects of dextromethorphan (delsym)? Dizziness, Drowsiness , GI Upset
What food does dextromethorphan (delsym) interact with? grapefruit juice
What illness's are expectorants and mucolytics used for? Cystic Fibrosis and Chronic Bronchitis
What is the purpose of drugs used for asthma? Preventing asthma attacks and terminating attacks in progress.
What is the goal of drugs used for asthma? Terminate acute bronchospasm in progress and reduce frequency of asthma attacks.
What are examples of quick relief asthma medications? beta-adrenergic agonists, anticholinergics, systemic corticosteroids
What are examples of long acting asthma medications? inhaled corticosteroids, mast cell stabilizers, leukotriene modifiers, long acting beta-adrenergic agonists, methylxanthines, immunomodulators
What is the most effective drug for relieving acute bronchospasm? Beta-adrenergic agonists
What does beta-adrenergic agonists cause? It causes bronchodilation
What is an example of a beta-adrenergic agonist? Albuterol
What is the MOA of albuterol? causes bronchodilation
What is the primary use for albuterol? for the termination of acute bronchospasm
What are adverse effects of albuterol? Headaches, throat irritation, nervousness, restlessness, tachycardia, chest pain, allergic reactions
Is albuterol short or long acting? short acting
What is the therapeutic class for albuterol? bronchodilator
What should the nurse assess for when treating a patient with anticholinergics? Hx of narrow angle glaucoma, BPH, Renal disorders, urinary bladder neck obstruction
What is the pharmacologic class for ipratropium (atrovent)? anticholinergic bronchodilator
What are adverse effects of ipratropium (atrovent)? Cough, drying of nasal mucosa, hoarseness, bitter taste
How long should you wait between dosages when giving ipratropium (atrovent)? 2-3 minutes
What are methylxanthines? a group of bronchodilators related to caffeine
What are methylxanthines used for? for long term prophylaxis of asthma that is unresponsive to beta agonists or corticosteroids
What are methylxanthines contraindicated with? Contraindicated with CAD, angina pectoris, severe renal/liver disorders, peptic ulcer, BPH, DM
What is the most potent natural anti-inflammatory drugs? corticosteroids
Are corticosteroids used for prevention or rescue? prevention
How long should you limit oral corticosteroids to? Under 10 days
What is the pharmacologic class for beclomethasone (QVAR)? inhaled corticosteroid
When should you NOT use beclomethasone (QVAR)? Do not use if the pt is experiencing an asthma attack
What are leukotriene modifiers? Mediators of immune response that are involved in allergic and asthmatic rxns
What are leukotriene modifiers used for? Used for asthma prophylaxis to reduce inflammatory component of asthma
What is the pharmacologic class for montelukast (Singulair)? Leukotriene modifier
How long before exercise/activity should you take montelukast (Singulair)? 2 hours before
What can montelukast (Singulair) increase? ALT values
What do mast cell stabilizers do? They inhibit mast cells from releasing histamine and other chemical mediators
Are mast cell stabilizers safe or unsafe for prophylaxis of asthma? Safe for prophylaxis of asthma
Are mast cell stabilizers more or less effective than inhaled corticosteroids? Less effective than inhaled corticosteroids
Are mast cell stabilizers effective or ineffective at relieving acute bronchospasm? ineffective at relieving acute bronchospasm
What to Monoclonal Antibodies for asthma prophylaxis do? Attach to specific receptor on a target cell or molecule
What is an example of a monoclonal antibody for asthma prophylaxis? Omalizumab (Xolair)
What medication was the first biologic therapy approved to treat asthma? Omalizumab (Xolair)
What drugs classes are used for COPD? Bronchodilators, mucolytics, expectorants, oxygen therapy, antibiotics, roflumilast
What is the normal value for osmolality/tonicity? 275-296 mOSm/kg
How are excess fluid balance disorders treated? Treated with diuretics
What are crystalloids? IV solutions with electrolytes
What are crystalloids used for? Used to replace fluids and promote urine output
What are examples of selected crystalloid IV solutions? NS, LR, plasma-lyte 148, dextrose in water, dextrose in LR
What do colloids do? Increase osmotic pressure and expand plasma volume
What are examples of selected colloid solutions? 5% albumin, dextran 40 in NS, dextran 40 in dextrose, dextran 70 in NS, hetastarch 6% in NS, plasma protein fraction
What pharmacologic class is dextran 40? colloid
What is the primary use of dextran 40? Fluid replacement with hypovolemic shock from hemorrhage, surgery, severe burns
What are adverse effects of dextran 40? hypersensitivity rx, fluid overload, HTN
What s/sx may we see with fluid overload? tachycardia, edema, distended neck veins, dyspnea, cough
What are contraindications for dextran 40? pt with acute kidney injury, severe dehydration, severe HF, hypervolemic disorders
What are electrolytes essential for? nerve conduction, membrane permeability, water balance
What is the pharmacologic class for Sodium Chloride (NaCl)? electrolyte, sodium replacement
What is NaCl used for? drug from hyponatremia
What are contraindications for NaCl? No if the pt has hypernatremia, HF, or impaired kidney fx
What is the primary use of NaCl? to treat hyponatremia when serum levels fall below 130 mEq/L
What is the pharmacologic class for potassium chloride (KCl)? electrolyte, sodium supplement
What is the primary use of KCl? to treat hypokalemia
What is the main administration alert for KCl? never administer IV push
What are adverse effects for KCl? GI irritation, hyperkalemia
What are the serum levels for hypernatremia? Sodium level above 145 mEq/L
What is hypernatremia commonly caused by? Kidney disease
What are s/sx of hypernatremia? Christ, fatigue, weakness, muscle twitching, convulsions, altered muscle status, decreased LOC
What are treatments for hypernatremia? low-salt diet, hypotonic IV (if hypovolemic), diuretics (if hypervolemic)
What are the serum levels for hyponatremia? Sodium level below 135 mEq/L
What can hyponatremia be caused by? excessive dilution of plasma, v/d, GI suctioning, diuretic use
What are early symptoms of hyponatremia? n/v, anorexia, abd cramping
What are later signs of hyponatremia? altered neuro fx (confusion, lethargy, convulsions, coma, muscle twitching, tremors
If the hyponatremia is caused by excessive dilution what can it be treated with? Loop diuretics
If the hyponatremia is caused by sodium loss, what can it be treated with? Oral sodium chloride or IV fluids containing salt (NS or lactated ringers)
What are the serum levels for hyperkalemia? Potassium level above 5 mEq/L
What is hyperkalemia caused by? By high consumption of potassium rich food, dietary supplements
What are symptoms of hyperkalemia? muscle twitching, fatigue, paresthesia, dyspnea, cramping, diarrhea, dysrhythmias, heart block
What are treatments for hyperkalemia? restrict dietary sources, decrease dose of potassium-sparing diuretics, administer glucose/insulin, administer calcium, administer polystyrene sulfonate and sorbitol to decrease potassium levels
What are the serum values for hypokalemia? Potassium level below 3.5 mEqL
What is hypokalemia caused by? By high doses of loop diuretics, strenuous muscle activity, severe vomiting or diarrhea
What are symptoms of hypokalemia? muscle weakness, lethargy, anorexia, dysrhythmias, cardiac arrest
What are treatments for hypokalemia? Increase dietary intake, give oral/parenteral potassium supplements
What is acidosis? Excess acid
What is alkalosis? excess base`
What are respiratory origins of acidosis? Hypoventilation/shallow breathing, airway constriction, damage to respiratory center in medulla
What are metabolic origins of acidosis? Severe diarrhea, kidney failure, DM, excess alcohol ingestion, starvation
What are respiratory origins of alkalosis? hyperventilation due to asthma, anxiety or high altitude
What are metabolic origins of alkalosis? constipation for prolonger periods, ingestion of excess sodium bicarbonate, diuretics, severe vomiting
What are symptoms of acidosis? lethargy, confusion, coma, deep/rapid respirations
What is the goal for acidosis? Goal is to quickly reverse effects of excess acid in blood
What is given for acidosis? Sodium bicarbonate
What is the MOA of sodium bicarbonate? to decrease pH of body fluids
What are adverse effects of sodium bicarbonate? metabolic alkalosis caused by receiving too much Picard and hypokalemia
What are administration alerts for sodium bicarb? Give oral 2-3 hours before or after meals and other medications
What is the primary use for sodium bicarb? Treatment of acidosis
What are contraindications for sodium bicarb? vomiting, pt who has continuous GI suctioning, HTN, peptic ulcers
What are symptoms caused by for alkalosis? Sx due to CNS stimulation
What are treatments for alkalosis? Administration of ammonium chloride, administration of sodium chloride with potassium chloride
Created by: mpnmurphy
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