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Anatomy Quiz 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Aquatic organism movement in water | unidirectional |
| Terrestrial organism movement in water | Bidirectional |
| Efficiency of the respiratory system is increased via (3 options) | 1. Surface area 2. Thickness of vessels 3. Contact time between red blood cells and tissue |
| How do lampreys obtain oxygen when attached to a host? | Gill pouches draw in water allowing it to cover over the gills and being released bidirectionally. Gill pouches will expand and then contract. |
| What is the gill septum? | Part of the hyoid arch but becomes later modified into a bony covering the whole gill chamber. |
| Spiracles | A pair of openings just behind the eyes which allow oxygen to be drawn in w/out bringing it through the gills. |
| Holobranch | Complete Gill |
| Hemibranch | a gill w a lamellae only on one side collectively |
| How does Fish pump water through its body to receive oxygen? (1 name for the method of pumping and 2 cavities) | Buccal pumping. Water moves through the buccal and into the operculum. |
| Ram ventilation | 1. Water flows on the gills and out via the mouth when travelling at high speeds in a straight line. |
| How do animals obtain more oxygen ( 1 method) | 1. Obtain air bubble from surface 2. Swallow bubble of air 3. Uses respiratory bladder or the lungs |
| The difference between the lungs and the gas bladder are what? | They are both pouches which arise off the upper region of the pharynx but the swim bladder arises dorsally and the lungs arise ventrally and are paired. |
| What do mammals have that the other groups don't? (has to do with the larynx) | Mammals have a thyroid (Adams apple) |
| Birds have no... (has to do w the throat region) | Vocal Cords or Larynx |
| In Crocodiles and some snakes, the lungs occupy a seperate chamber called ----- which is seprated via the ------- acting as a diaphragm. | Pleural cavity and the Oblique Septum |
| The walls of sac for the lungs are called ----? | Pleura |
| Visceral pleura covers what? | Lungs |
| Parietal pleura covers | Thoracic Wall |
| Space between the Visceral pleura and Parietal pleura is called what? | Pleural cavity |
| Histamine results in the contraction of --------? | Bronchiole |
| Epinephrine results in the dilation of -------? | Bronchiole |
| Contraction of the diaphragm results in | 1. Pectoralis minor being pulled forward on the ribs. 2. Sternocleidomastoid muscles pull up on the clavicle and sternum 3. External intercostal spreads ribs apart and allows for greater thoracic volume. |
| Relaxing of the Diaphragm results in | 1. internal intercostals ribs compressing together 2. Abdominus rectus and the abdominal obliques push the diaphragm up. |
| Avian lungs are unique because (explain the pathway of air) | 1. Enter will enter the bronchus and then pass directly into one of the five pairs of air sacs. The steps : 1. air passes to the posterior air sacs. 2. Abdomen contracts forcing air to the lungs. 3. Stale air is forced out to the anterior sacs & trachea. |
| The circulatory system consist of two main components - Blank and blank? | Blood, arteries, veins and capillaries Lymph and lymph vessels |
| Arteries are usually carrying what kind of blood | oxygenated away from the heart |
| Veins are usually carrying what king of blood | deoxygenated towards the heart |
| Capillaries are a system of what? | veins that are connected forming a capillary bed |
| Blood flow through the heart is the following for amphibians (four steps) | 1. oxygen poor blood enters the right atrium 2. pulmonary veins carry O2 blood to left atrium 3. mixture of O2 blood and Blood w/out O2 enters ventricle 4. Ventricle pumps blood to lungs and body tissue |
| Systemic circuit is what? | Moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body |
| Pulmonary Circuit is what? | Moves blood between the heart and the lungs |
| In anapsids and squamates, the heart design is what? Sinus venosus becomes ? Atrium becomes? Ventricle becomes? Conus arteriosus becomes? | Reduced completely separated partially separated divided into three large arteries. |
| In crocodiles, both the blank and blank are completely divided | atrium and ventricle |
| In what group of organism is the division of the heart systemic and pulmonary circulation complete? | mammals |
| The seperation of the heart and pulmonary system has what benefits? (two options) | 1. no mixing of deoxygenated vs oxygenated blood 2. pressure difference are allowed |
| The pulmonary circulation is blank pressure and the systemic is blank pressure | Low and high. The pulmonary is only going to the lungs vs. travelling over the whole body. |
| The blood is carried from the placenta via the blank vein into the blank? | umbilical vein and the inferior vena cava |
| Fetal lungs at a specific point are collapsed. what are the benefits to this? | 1. resistant to blood flow 2. pressure in right half of the heart is greater than the left |
| Due to the pressure difference in fetal lungs, some blood returning to the right atrium is shunted to the left via the blank (hole between the atria) | foramen ovale |
| Flow rate can be calculated by evaluating the blank over blank. | Pressure over resistance |
| Contraction of the heart provides blank. | pressure |
| Resistance depends on blank and blank | Viscosity and the length of the vessel |
| The structure of arteries and veins are composed of three layers. What are they? | 1. Tunica interna 2. Tunica media 4. Tunica externa |
| The tunica interna is composed of what? | simple squamous epithelium cells |
| Tunica media is composed of what? | Thick smooth muscle, collagen and elastic |
| Tunica externa is composed of what? | loose connective tissue w collagen and elastic |
| Arteries tend to have thick blank layer. (one of the layers) | Tunica media |
| Ventricle contracts is the blank pressure and when it relaxes it is the blank pressure | Systolic and Diastolic |
| Normal blood pressure is what? | 120/80 |
| Arteries are made out of elastic fibers to help blank blood | propels blood and be resistant to breaking (more flexible). |
| In mammals which arch is modified to ensure no mixing of the blood occurs? | Fourth aortic arch |
| In mammals, six aortic arches appear but only blank persist | three |
| The venous system is divided into four streams. What are they? | 1. Cardinal 2. Renal portal 3. Abdominal 4. Hepatic portal |
| The tetrapods modified the cardinal stream into three other streams. What are they? | 1. Postcardinal 2. Precardinal 3. Common cardinals |
| The venous system is what? | Circulatory system that ensure blood flows back to the heart w the help of one way valves. |
| The starling reflex is what? | The stretching of the heart muscles triggers contractions |
| What are the three accessory hearts of the hagfish? | 1. Portal heart 2. Cardinal heart 3. Caudal heart |
| The portal heart is related to what organs? The cardinal heart is related to what organs? The caudal heart is related to what organs? | 1. Intestine to liver 2. Head to body 3. Trunk/kidney to body |
| The circulatory system consists of two main components Blank and Blank. They transport Blank | circulatory and lymphatic They transport nutrients, oxygen, hormones, immunological agents and waste material. |
| What part of the circulatory system has the greatest surface6 | Capillary beds |
| Contraction of the heart rises or lower pressure | rises |
| In mammals and birds the blank is divided into two trunks | ventral aorta |
| the two trunks of the ventral aorta in birds/mammals is blank and blanks | Pulmonary trunk delivering deoxygenated blood to lungs Aortic trunk oxygenated blood to body |
| Six aortic arches appear during the development of mammals but only blank persists | 3 |
| the hepatic portal system does blank and has a large blank which runs from the digestive organs to the liver | drains digestive visceral and large hepatic portal vein |
| Hydrostatic pressure is what | force left over from ventricle contarction |
| Osmotic pressure is what | unequal conc. of proteins outside and inside the arterioles |
Created by:
thomaswood2
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