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Reproduction
Introduction to Reproduction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Reproduction | The process by which human beings produce a new individual |
| Populations at Risk | -Impoverished populations (d/t poor or no prenatal care, access to healthcare) -Adolescents (d/t more likely for impaired nutrition, anemia, infections, depression, social isolation, preeclampsia, premature birth) |
| Individual Risk Factors | -Biophysical factors -Psychosocial factors -Sociodemographic factors -Environmental Factors |
| Biophysical Factors | -Multigravida -Inherited disorders -ABO incompatibility -Chromosomal -Diet & weight - Genetics -Gestational diabetes -Preeclampsia |
| Psychosocial Factors | -Smoking -Caffeine -Alcohol -Drugs -Spousal abuse - Addictive lifestyle -Maternal psychological status |
| Sociodemographic Factors | -Low income -Inadequate prenatal care -Age <15 and >35 -Marital status -Urban vs. rural -Race/ethnicity -Parity |
| Environmental Factors | -Pollution -Radiation -Chemical exposure -Bacterial and viral infections -Drugs (OTC and illicit) -Stress -2nd hand smoke |
| Religious Impacts | -Amish women may not want to be vaccinated against Rubella -Seven day Adventist exclude dairy from their diets -Jehovah's witness refuse blood products -Muslims participate in all day fasting during Ramadan |
| Stages of Fetal Development | -Preembryonic Stage (fertilization through 2nd wk) -Embryonic Stage (3rd wk - 8th wk) -Fetal Stage (end of 8th wk until birth) |
| Preembryonic Stage | The ovum is multiplying cells and implanting into the uterus |
| Embryonic Stage | This is the most sensitive stage for teratogenicity as the organs are developing at this stage d/t exposure like alcohol, tobacco, radiation, and sources of infection |
| Fetal Stage | The fetus grows 1.5% per day and is less susceptible to congenital malformation since major organs have already started to form |
| Functions of the Placenta | -Serving as the interface between the mother and fetus -Making hormones -Protecting the fetus -Removing waste products (CO2) from the fetus -Inducing the mother to bring more nutrients to the placenta |
| Hormones Produced by the Placenta | -HcG -Human placental lactogen (hPL) |
| Umbilical Cord | -Begins to form at 5 wks -Contains 1 large vein and 2 small arteries -Wharton's jelly surrounds to prevent compression -At term should be 22 in long and about 1 inch wide |
| Role of Amniotic Fluid | -Helps maintain fetus body temp -Permits symmetric growth -Cushions fetus from trauma -Allows umbilical cord to be free of compression -Promotes fetal movement |
| Fetal Circulation | -Blood from the placenta to and through the fetus then back to placenta -Three shunts : Ductus venosus (connects umbilical vein to inferior vena cava), Ductus arteriosus (connects pulmonary artery to aorta), Foramen ovale (opening between R and L atrium) |
Created by:
NikkiLeigh83
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