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What do we need to produce an x-ray?
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Where is our source of free e-?
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RADT 465 Rad Safety

Rad Physics and Rad Bio

QuestionAnswer
What do we need to produce an x-ray? source of free e-, accelerating e-, focusing of e-, and deceleration of e- Saia, D.A. (2018). Chapter Title ( Radiation Physics and Radiobiology). In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 240).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Where is our source of free e-? thermionic emission at the filament Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 240).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
What are the two interactions that occur at the target? Bremsstrahlung and characteristic Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 240).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Describe Bremsstrahlung radiation Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 240).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education. a negative e- is attracted to the nucleus of a tungsten atom and slows, loses energy in the form of Brem radiation
What kind of emission spectrum is produced from Brem radiation? a continuous spectrum Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 240).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Describe Characteristic radiation Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 240).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education. an e- ejects a k shell e- in a tungsten atom and leaves a vacancy, vacancy gets filled and gives off a characteristic x-ray
What kind of emission spectrum is produced from Characteristic radiation? a discreet spectrum Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 240).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
What is most of the x-ray beam? brem or characteristic Brem Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 240).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
What is the energy level for characteristic radiation? 69 kev Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 240).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Describe the wavelength, frequency and energy of x-rays short wavelength, high frequencies, high energy Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 238).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Name some fundamental properties of x-rays travel in straight lines, travel at the speed of light, polyenergetic, homogenous, ionize matter
Describe the photoelectric effect Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 240).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education. low energy photon interacts with tissue, ejects an inner shell e-, transfers all energy characteristic x-ray given off
Which interaction contributes to the patients dose? Photoelectric Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 240).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
What kind of contrast does photoelectric produce? short scale contrast, high contrast Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 240).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Describe Compton scatter Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 241).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education. high energy x-ray interacts with tissue, gives up some energy to eject an outer shell e-, contributes to fog and occupational dose
Describe Coherent scatter Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 241).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education. very low photon undergoes a change in direction with no energy loss or ionization; contribute to patient skin exposure
SI unit of absorbed dose Gray Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Exposure and Monitoring. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 296).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
SI unit of dose equivalent Sievert Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Exposure and Monitoring. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 296).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Which threshold curve is associated with stochastic effects? Linear Nonethreshold Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 244).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Which threshold curve is associated with nonstochastic effects? Nonlinear Threshold Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 244).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
What is LET? rate of energy deposited per unit track length through an absorber Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 249).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
What is RBE? the ability to produce biologic damage Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 249).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Which cells are the most radiosensitive? stem cells, immature cells, and highly mitotic cells Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 249).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
What kind of LET is x-rays? low LET Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 249).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
What dose to gonads will cause permanent sterility? 5 -6 Gray Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 252).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
What dose to female gonads will cause temporary sterility? 2 Gray Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 252).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Which trimester is the most radiosensitive? the first Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 251).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
What dose can cause microencephaly? .2 - .4 Gray Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 252).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
List examples of short term somatic effects epilation, nausea, vomiting, erythema, fatigue and epistaxis Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 244).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
What is epistaxis? nose bleed Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 244).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
List examples of long term somatic effects cancer, leukemia, cataractogenesis, and life span shortening Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 244).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Minimum lead equivalent for lead aprons 0.5 mm Pb Saia, D.A. (2018). Personnel Protection. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 283).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Minimum lead equivalent for gloves 0.25 mm Pb Saia, D.A. (2018). Personnel Protection. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 283).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Minimum lead equivalent for thyroid shield 0.5 mm Pb Saia, D.A. (2018). Personnel Protection. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 283).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Minimum lead equivalent for glasses 0.35 mm Pb Saia, D.A. (2018). Personnel Protection. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 283).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Minimum lead equivalent for bucky slot cover 0.25 mm Pb Saia, D.A. (2018). Personnel Protection. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 283).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Minimum lead equivalent for curtain 0.25 mm Pb Saia, D.A. (2018). Personnel Protection. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 283).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Minimum lead equivalent for clear overhead barrier 0.5 mm Pb Saia, D.A. (2018). Personnel Protection. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 283).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Annual whole body exposure 50 mSv Saia, D.A. (2018). Personnel Protection. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 283).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Lens of the eye 150 mSv Saia, D.A. (2018). Personnel Protection. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 283).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
All other areas (red bone marrow, breast, lung, gonads, skin) 500 mSv Saia, D.A. (2018). Personnel Protection. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 283).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Cumulative Effective Limit 10 mSv x age in years Saia, D.A. (2018). Personnel Protection. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 283).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Public exposure - annual effective dose equivalent limit 5 mSv Saia, D.A. (2018). Personnel Protection. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 283).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Dose equivalent limits for the lens of the eye, skin, and extremities 50 mSv Saia, D.A. (2018). Personnel Protection. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 283).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Embryo/fetus exposure for entire gestational period 5 mSv Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 250).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Embryo/fetus exposure per month during gestational period 0.5 mSv Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 250).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
What is the most common interaction with matter? Compton Scatter Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 241).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Describe Pair Production Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 241).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education. min. of 1.02 MeV photon interacts with nucleus, results in positron and negatron, annihilation reaction
Describe Photodisintegration Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 241).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education. min. of 10 MeV photon directly absorbed by nucleus and explodes
What is the measurement of radioactivity? Becquerel Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Exposure and Monitoring. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 296).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
What is the unit of radiation exposure in air? C/kg Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Exposure and Monitoring. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 296).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
What is the quality factor of x-rays? 1 Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 249).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
What is the OER for human tissues? 3 Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 249).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
What is the lethal dose? 3.5 Gray to whole body Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Exposure and Monitoring. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 296).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Describe radiolysis Radiation interaction with water
What is indirect damage? Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 247).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education. x-ray splits water molecule and forms a free radical that can produce damage
What is direct damage? x-ray hits DNA directly Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 247).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
What is interphase death? also called apoptosis, cell dies without attempting to divide
Describe stochastic effects includes most late effects, cancer, genetic effects, NO SAFE DOSE Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 245).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Describe nonstochastic effects Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 245).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education. includes all early effects and some late effects, hair loss, temporary infertility, cataracts, need some dose to produce effects
What is the Hemopoietic syndrome in ARS? Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 254).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education. bone marrow syndrome, most sensitive system in the body, blood disorders, 1-10 Gray
What is the GI Syndrome in ARS? nausea, vomiting, fatigue, 10-50 Gray Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 254).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
What is the CNS syndrome in ARS? Cardiovascular syndrome, 50 Gray, death in hours or day Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Physics and Radiobiology. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 254).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
For 70 kv or higher what is the total filtration in the tube? 2.5 mm Al Saia, D.A. (2018). Patient Protection. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 266).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
For 50 -70 kv what is the total filtration in the tube? 1.5 mm Al Saia, D.A. (2018). Patient Protection. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 266).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Below 50 kv what is the total filtration in the tube? .5 mm Al Saia, D.A. (2018). Patient Protection. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 266).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
What do grids do to contrast? increase contrast
Minimum SID on fixed fluoro units? 15" or 38 cm Saia, D.A. (2018). Patient Protection. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 275).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Minimum SID on mobile fluoro units 12" or 30 cm Saia, D.A. (2018). Patient Protection. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 275).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
What is the most effective method of reducing occupational dose? distance Saia, D.A. (2018). Personnel Protection. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 282).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
The allowed leakage radiation from the tube should be 1mGray per hour at 1 meter Saia, D.A. (2018). Personnel Protection. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 282).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
What are primary protective barriers? surfaces struck by primary beam Saia, D.A. (2018). Personnel Protection. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 285).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Primary protective barriers require how much lead? .16cm or 1.6mm of Pb Saia, D.A. (2018). Personnel Protection. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 285).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Primary protective barriers should be how tall? 210 cm or 2.3 meters from floor Saia, D.A. (2018). Personnel Protection. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 285).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
What are secondary protective barriers? surfaces struck with stray radiation (scatter or leakage) Saia, D.A. (2018). Personnel Protection. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 285).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Secondary protective barriers require how much lead? .08cm or .8mm of Pb Saia, D.A. (2018). Personnel Protection. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 285).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
The barriers should overlap by how much? 1.25 cm Saia, D.A. (2018). Personnel Protection. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 285).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
What is the max exposure at the table top of a fluoroscopic unit? 0.1 C/kg Saia, D.A. (2018). Patient Protection. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 275).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
What is the purpose of dosimeters? to measure radiation Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Exposure and Monitoring. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 297).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Describe film badges old, used four filters, provide a permanent record Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Exposure and Monitoring. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 299).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Describe TLD dosimeters made of lithium fluoride, gets heated to read, no archival record Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Exposure and Monitoring. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 300).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Describe Pocket Dosimeters instant reading, inaccurate, short term monitoring Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Exposure and Monitoring. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 300).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
Describe OSL Dosimeters Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Exposure and Monitoring. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 298).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education. made of aluminum oxide detector, laser light reads it, filters determine energy levels
Who should wear dosimeters? risk of receiving 10% of the annual effective absorbed dose equivalent Saia, D.A. (2018). Radiation Exposure and Monitoring. In S. Barnes, C. M. Thomas (Eds.), Radiography Prep (9th ed., pp. 296).Chicago, IL: McGraw-Hill Education.
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