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C Exam 5
Sensory
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Sensory deficits increase the patients risk for what? | Injury- falls, burns |
What is stereognosis? | ability to recognize a common object through use of touch |
How can you test stereognosis? | having patient close their eyes and identify the object you place in their hands, repeat the process with their other hand and a different object |
When you test for stereognosis what is the key component you are looking for in the exam | presence or absence of symmetry |
What is parasthesia? | abnormal sensation such as tingling, burning, pricking, and numbness |
What is graphesthesia? | the ability to recognize a letter that is written on the skin through touch |
What might cause changes in sensation? | neurological or nerve damage |
What is anesthesia? | loss of sensation |
What is hyperesthesia? | more than normal sensation |
What causes peripheral neuropathy? | trauma or a disease process that interferes with stimulation of peripheral nerves |
What are some symptoms of motor nerve damage? | muscle weakness, cramps, fasciculations, muscle loss |
What are some symptoms of sensory nerve damage? | Numbness, pain, burning shooting, impaired touch |
What should you avoid using on feet of someone with neuropathy? | heating pads could cause burns |
What kind of lifestyle changes could you promote to help someone with neuropathy? | weight loss smoking cessation limit alcohol |
What is ageusia? | loss of sense of taste |
What is anosmia? | loss of sense of smell |
What is most commonly associated with impaired sense of smell or taste? | Respiratory illness- common cold, sinus infection, COVID19 |
What else could alter taste/smell? | Medications Smoking Radiation therapy |
What are the 4 different flavors for taste that a normal person should taste? | Sweet Salty Bitter Sour Umami |
What can be dangerous when a pt has anosmia? | mixing bleach and ammonia can be deadly |
What is accomodation? | ability of the eye to adjust focal length |
What is amblyopia? | think L for lazy eye. reduced vision is not correctable by corrective lenses |
What is convergence? | medial rotation of both eyeballs so that each is directed toward a viewed object |
When is convergence normally diagnosed? | in school-age children when they have difficulty reading and may be interpreted as a learning disability rather then vision problem |
What is corneal reflex? | blinking in eye in response to corneal irritation |
What could failure of corneal reflex indicate? | neurologic disorder |
What is expothalamos? | protruding of eyeballs |
What is exophthalmos associated with? | hyperthyroid |
What is hyperopia? | far sighted, can see far away but not near |
What is myopia? | near sighted, can see near but not far |
What is nystagmus? | involuntary rapid eye movement |
What is presbyopia? | near vision loss related to loss of elasticity of lens due to age |
What Ptosis? | drooping of eye lid. think pointing to toes |
What is vertigo? | feeling of imbalance |
What is diplopia? | double vision |
What is monochromacy? | color blindness |
What are risk factors in kids for visual impairments? | retinopathy of prematurity low birth weight congenital cataracts fetal alcohol syndrome contact sports injury concussion |
What are risk factors for adults for visual impairments? | smoking ultraviolet light exposure diabetes(uncontrolled) HTN Injury CVA concussion |
What are risk factors for older adults for visual impairments? | open-angle glaucoma Macular degeneration |
When is vision screened in children? | 3-5 years old |
If premature when should they have an eye exam? | by 6 months of age |
What does the snEllen chart test? | distance vision, stand 20 feet from the chart |
What does the rosenbaum chart test? | near vision |
How far is the card held for the rosenbaum test? | 14 inches from eyes |
Which chart should be used to test patients of low literacy, poor cognition, or developmental delays? | neither chart |
What is an opthalmoscope? | allows visualization of the lens, vitreous humor and retina |
What age is strabismus considered a normal finding? | newborn- 3 months |
How can you test corneal reflex? | lightly touching with cotton ball |
How can you promote continued independence in a patient? | providing additional time and being available in a standby assist role |
When assistance with ambulation is necessary where should you stand? | one foot in front of patient |
What can visual impairment lead to? | isolation and or depression |
What is eye injury/ trauma considered? | a medical emergency |
What is auditory? | term for hearing |
What is cerumen? | ear wax |
What is conductive hearing loss? | loss of sound at all frequencies |
What is noise induced hearing loss? | hearing loss resulting from loud noises over 85 db |
What is presbycusis? | hearing loss related to ageing |
What is sensorineural hearing loss? | decreased ability to hear high frequency sounds |
How do you treat sensorineural hearing loss? | cochlear implant |
What can pregnancy cause? | tinnitus and vertigo |
What are risk factors of hearing impairment in children? | prenatal TORCH Premature birth(NICU greater than 5 days) maternal diabetes bilirubin greater then 16 within 24 hrs of birth Bacterial meningitis |
What are risk factors of hearing impairment in adults? | drug related ototoxicity temp hearing loss (corticosteriods) CVA smoking bacterial meningitis meniere disease |
What are the most common causes of hearing impairment? | genetic abnormalities at birth environmental causes recurrent bouts of otitis media age |
When are babies screened for hearing? | as newborns before they leave the hospital |
How often should adults get hearing screening? | every 10 years until 50, every 3 years after 50 |
What is an otoscope? | used to visualize outer canal, tympanic membrane, and middle ear |
What is otoacoustic emissions? | microphone used to play sounds in the ear of infant and microphone detects echo is there is not hearing loss CAN be performed by RN |
What is auditory brainstem response? | electrodes are placed to detect nerve response from sounds played from small headphones |
When does conductive hearing loss occur? | when sounds cannot get through the outer and middle ear |
What can cause conductive hearing loss? | fluid in middle ear from cold allergies ear infections poor eustachian tube function Earwax hole in eardrum foreign object stuck in ear |
When does sensorineural hearing loss occur? | as a result of disorders that affect the inner ear, the auditory nerve and auditory pathways to the brain |
What is the most common type of permanent hearing loss? | SNHL |
What can cause sensorineural hearing loss? | pregnancy TORCH Viral infections- meningitis rubella head trauma Menieres disease aging ototoxic drugs |
What is the tug test? | pull pinna up and back on adults down and back on children pain will suggest inflammation or infection |
What color should the tympanic membrane be? | shiny and translucent |
What is a whisper test? | have patient occlude ear and whisper a 2 syllable word to see if they can repeat it back to you |
What is an audiogram? | a hearing test performed by an audiologist |
What is the weber test? | place vibrating tuning fork on forehead or top of head sound should be heard equally in both ears. |
What would it indicate if the sound is softer in the impaired ear during a weber test? | sensorineural hearing loss |
What would it indicate is the sound is louder in the impaired ear during a weber test? | conductive hearing loss |
What is a Rinne test? | place vibrating tuning fork on mastoid bone then in front of the ear. AC greater then BC |
If the sound during a rinne test is louder over the bone what could that indicate? | potential conductive hearing loss |
What is a tympanogram? | test used to make sure the ear drum is working |
What would you educate a parent about for a child with an ear infection? | feed in upright position avoid chewing during acute phase encourage fluids heat therapy as prescribed Lie effected side down |
In children older than 3 how do you place ear drops? | pull ear up and back |
What is a myringotomy? | small hole is placed in tympanic membrane and tubes are palced |
What is a tympanoplasty? | reconstruction of structures in the middle ear |
What does a cochlear implant consist of? | microphone, speech processor, transmitter, reciever/stimulator, and electrodes |
When are hearing aides used? | pt with conductive hearing loss |
What shouldn't you do when talking to someone with hearing loss? | over articulate words |
What is dyspraxia? | neuro disorder that effects ability to plan or process motor skills |
What is proprioception? | include being able to walk or kick without looking at your feet |
What does the sobriety test looking for? | proprioception |
What is sensory processing disorder? | aversion to things that overstimulate their sense ex. bright lights strong smells loud environments |
What might someone with sensory processing disorder do when they don't have enough stimulation? | seek out stimulation |
What is spatial awareness? | aware of your surroundings and your relationship to things in space |
What some risk factors in kids for kinesthetic impairment? | autism vestibular issue dyspraxia strabismus |
What are some risk factors in adults for kinesthetic impairment? | pregnancy (balance) vision impairment spinal injury peripheral neuropathy parkinsons disease MS Diabetes alcohol arthritis |
What is vision therapy? | orthoptic vision therapy- series of exercises to improve binocular function Behavioral/perceptual vision therapy- exercises to improve visual processing and perception Therapy for prevention or correction of myopia |
What is a normal finding for kinesthetic? | negative rhomburg test |