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EXAM 1 MENTAL HEALTH

Brain & Neurotransmitters

TermDefinition
Functions & Activities of the Brain Maintenance of homeostasis, regulation of ANS and hormones, Control of biological drives and behavior, cycle of sleep & wakefulness, circadian rhythms, conscious mental activity, memory, social skills
Hypothalamus Basic drives and links between emotion and function of internal organs. Involved in temp regulation, appetite control, endocrine function, sexual drive, and impulsive behavior associated with feelings of anger, rage, or excitement
Thalamus Regulates activity, sensation, and emotion
Brainstem Processing center for sensory information
Medulla Located in the brainstem and contains the vital centers for respiration and cardiovascular functions
Cerebellum Regulates skeletal muscle, maintains equilibrium. Center for coordination of movements and postural adjustments
Cerebellum Mental activities, conscious sense of being, emotional status, memory, control of skeletal muscle movement. Language and communication. Divided into two hemispheres.
Excitatory Neurotransmitters Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Dopamine, Glutamate, Acetylcholine (both)
Inhibitory Neurotransmitters Serotonin, GABA, Acetylcholine (both)
Neuromodulators Histamine, Neuropeptides
Norepinephrine Most prevalent. Located in brainstem. Causes changes in attention, learning, memory, sleep & wakefulness, and mood regulation-------Excess has been implicated in anxiety disorders, memory loss, social withdrawal, and depression
Epinephrine Controls fight or flight response
Serotonin Derived from tryptophan a dietary amino acid. Involved in control of food intake, sleep & wakefulness, temp regulation, pain control, sexual behavior, and regulation of emotions--------Implicated in anxiety, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. Known to contribute to hallucinations, and withdrawn behavior seen in schizophrenia
Dopamine Located in brainstem. Involved in the control of complex movements, motivation, cognition, and regulation of emotions-------Implicated in schizophrenia, and other psychoses, also Parkinson’s Disease
Histamine Controls alertness, gastric secretions, cardiac stimulation, peripheral allergic responses
Glutamate Can have major neurotoxic effects at high levels------Implications in brain damage caused by stroke, hypoglycemia, and sustained hypoxia or ischemia. Some degenerative diseases such as Huntington’s or Alzheimer’s as well.
Y-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Amino acid and major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. Modulates other neurotransmitters
Neuropeptides Enhances, prolongs, inhibits, or limits the effects of principal neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine Found in the brain, spinal cord, and PNS, particularly at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle. Controls sleep & wakefulness cycles, signals muscles to become alert-------Can be found in red meat and veggies
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