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Antiinfectives

QuestionAnswer
What is the definition of infection? Invasion & multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms in body tissues
What is meant by colonization of a microorgnism? Localized presence of microorganisms; signifies potential for infection.
What is a superinfection? Flora at colonization site are altered, allowing unaffected microorganisms to grow uninhibited; not susceptible to some antimicrobial agents.
What is bacteremia? Bacteria in the circulatory system.
What is septicemia? Systemic infection caused by multiplication of microorganisms in the circulation.
What is sepsis? Multiple organ systems involved as a result of circulating microorganisms or toxins in the blood.
How are microorganisms typed? Acoording to shape and capacity to be stained.
What happens in the inflammatory response? An injury causes a release of prostaglandins, histamines, and other substances. Blood vessels dilate, and white blood cells migrate to the area.
What is the goal of antimicrobial agents? Destroy or suppress grow of infecting microorganisms so that normal host defenses other supporting mechanisms can control the organism.
What is the effect of bactericidal agents? Inhibit bacteria cell wall synthesis.
Waht is the effect of bacteriostatic agents? Inhibit protein synthesis or inhibit synthesis of essential metabolites.
What is the goal of nonretroviral agents? Target DNA & RNA viruses and intefere with steps infolved in viral entry into host cells.
Are antivirals curative? Typically not; slow viral action or reproduction so host defenses can work on virus.
What is the effect of antifungal agents? Interference with membrane functions in some way; affect DNA or RNA synthesis, inhibit mitosis.
What is the effect of antiparisitic agents? Inhibition of cell wall structures, inhibition of enzymes, interference with DNA or RNA synthesis.
How long does it take for a culture to grow in vitro? Usually 24-48 hours.
How does antimicrobial resistance occur? Antimicrobial is unable to reach the site, microorganism produces enzyme that reduces or eliminates toxic effec of antimicrobial, or inadequate host defense mechanisms.
What is a hospital-acquired or nosocomial superinfection? A superinfection that occurs during the course of therapeutic or prophylactic microbial therapy.
What is MRSA? Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
What is VRE? Vancomicin-resistant enterococcus
What is anaphylaxis? What are the symptoms? A serious allergic reaction. Hives, edema, a choking sensation, chest tightness or pain, shortness of breath.
What is the usual immediate drug treatment for anaphylaxis? epinephrine injected subcutaneously.
What infections are sulfonamides commonly used to treat? Urinary tract infections (UTI)
What are the types of Beta Lactams? Penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems
What is the mechanism of action of penicillin? Weakening of the cell wall by inhibiting the transpeptidase enzyme responsible for cross-linking the cell wall strands, resulting in cell lysis.
What are the indications for penicillin? Effective against specific bacteria, pneumonia, pharyngitis, syphilis, gonorrhea; used prophylactically for prevention of diphtheria, bacterial endocarditis, and rheumatic fever.
What are the adverse reactions to penicillin? hypersensitivity, diarrhea, n/v, headache, candidiasis (oral & vaginal), anaphylaxis, serum sickness-type reaction.
What is the mechanism of action for cephalosporins? inhibit cell synthesis.
What are the adverse effects of cephalosporins? diarrhea, abdominal cramps or distress, oral & vaginal candidiasis, rash, pruritus, redness, or edema.
What are some significant drug interactions of cephalosporins? alcohol, anticoagulants, antiinflammatory agents, aspirin, platelet aggregation inhibitors, probenecid.
What is the mechanism of action for macrolides? Inhibition of RNA-dependent protein synthesis.
What are macrolides commonly used for? gram positive & selected gram-negative infections, respiratory, gastrointestinal tract, skin, and soft tissue infections.
What are some adverse effects of macrolides? cardiac dysrhythmias, sudden death, n/v, increased GI persistalsis, hepatic injury, allergic reactions, c. difficile colitis
What is the mechanism of action of tetracyclines? Inhibition of protein synthesis by blocking the binding of transfer RNA to mRNA ribosome.
What are tetracyclines commonly used to treat? acne vulgaris, actinomycosis, bacterial urinary tract infections (UTI), rickettsial infection, Lyme disease.
What are some adverse reactions of tetracyclines? N/V, hepatotoxicity, phototoxicity, Accumulation in teeth, liver, spleen, tumors, and bones. Teratogenic.
What are some common aminoglycosides? Gentamicin, vancomycin, tobramycin, nebgcin
What are some significant adverse effects of aminoglycosides? nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, ototoxicity, hypersensitivity
How long much aminoglycosides run? At least 60 minutes.
What lab must be monitored when a patient is on aminoglycosides? Serum creatine
When is a peak level run when a patient is on aminoglycosides? Shortly after administration of the the drug.
When is a trough level run when a patient is on aminoglycosides? Immediately before administering a dose of the drug.
What is the mechanism of action of fluoroquinolones? Alter DNA by interfering with the DNA gyrase
What are the common indications for fluoroquinolones? Bone & joint infections, bronchitis, gastroenteritis, gonorrhea, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections (UTI).
What are some significant adverse effects of fluoroquinolones? Dizziness, drowsiness, restlessness, stomach distress, N/V, diarrhea, varinitis
Created by: shonbergc
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