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Bio 15 1-3
Bio 15
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Matter | Anything that occupies space and has mass (we think of mass as an objects weight.) matter is found on earth in three physical states: solid, liquid or gas |
| Element | A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical means. (92 elements exist in nature) |
| Compound | A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio. |
| Atom | The smallest unit of mater that retains the properties of an element (Greek for "indivisible") |
| Proton | A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge (+) found in the nucleus of an atom |
| Electron | A subatomic particle with a single negative charge (-) one or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom |
| Nucleus | (1) at atoms central core, containing protons & neutrons. (2) the organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains genetic material in the form of chromosomes, made of chromatin |
| Atomic Number | The number of protons in each atom of a particular element. |
| Mass Number | The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atoms nucleus |
| Atomic Mass | The total mass of an atom; also call atomic weight. Given as a whole number, the atomic mass approximately equals the mass number, the sum of its protons and neutrons in daltons. |
| Isotope | One of the several atomic forms of an element each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons |
| Radioactive Isotope | An isotope whose nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy. |
| Electron Shells | A level of electrons at a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom |
| Chemical Bond | An attraction between two atoms resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons or the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells |
| Ionic Bond | A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions |
| Covalent Bond | A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons |
| Molecule | Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds |
| Electronegativity | The attractions of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond |
| Nonpolar Covalent Bond | A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity. |
| Polar Covalent Bond | A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atoms slightly positive |
| Molecular Formula | Shows the number of atoms of each element in a molecule, using symbols and subscripts |
| Electron Distribution Diagram | Shows how each atom completes it s outer shell by sharing one or more pairs of electrons |
| Structural Formula | Shows a molecule's approximate shape and represents each covalent bonds with a line |
| Space Filling Model | Uses a color coded ball for each atom and comes closest to representing a molecule's three-dimensional shape |
| Ion | An atom or molecule with an electrical charge resulting from a gain or loss of one or more electrons. (note that the names of negatively charged ions often end in -ide, such as Chloride.) |
| Salt | A compound resulting in an ionic bond |
| Hydrogen bond | A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative Aton of a polar covalent bond in another molecule (or in another region of the same molecule) |
| Polar Molecule | A molecule containing polar covalent bonds and having an unequal distribution of charges in different regions of the molecule. |
| Chemical Reactions | Breaking existing chemical bonds and forming new ones |
| Reactants | A starting material in a chemical reaction |
| Products | An ending material in a chemical reaction |
| Cohesion | The sticking together of molecules of the same kind, often by hydrogen bonds |
| Adhesion | The attraction between two different kinds of molecules. |
| Surface Tension | A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules |
| Thermal Energy | The energy associated with the random movement of atoms and molecules |
| Heat | Thermal energy in transfer from a warmer to a cooler body of matter |
| Temperature | Measures the intensity of heat, that is the average speed of molecules in a body of matter |
| Evaporative cooling | The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation. A result of the molecules with the greatest energy. Energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state. |
| Solution | A liquid consisting od a uniform mixture of two or more substances |
| Solvent | The dissolving agent in a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known |
| Solute | A substance that is dissolved in a solution (example Salt) |
| Aqueous solution | A solution in which water is that solvent |
| Acid | A substance that increases the hydrogen (H+) concentration in a solution |
| Base | A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
| pH Scale | A measure of the acidity of a solution, ranging in value from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic) the letter pH stands for potential hydrogen and refer to the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+). (pH Neutral = 7) |
| Buffers | A chemical substance that minimizes changes in pH by accepting hydrogen ions from or donating hydrogen ions to solutions |
| Ocean Acidification | Process by which that pH of the ocean is lowered ( made more acidic) when excess atmospheric CO2 dissolves in seawater |
| Organic Compounds | A chemical compound containing the element carbon and usually the element hydrogen |
| Isomers | Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and, therefore, different properties |
| Hydrocarbons | An organic compound composed only of the elements carbon and hydrogen |
| Macromolecule | A giant molecule (a polysaccharide, protein or nucleic acid) formed by joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction |
| Polymers | A large molecule consisting of many identical or similar monomers linked together by covalent bonds |
| Monomers | The subunit that serves as a building block of a polymer |
| Dehydration Reaction | A chemical reaction which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule |
| Hydrolysis | A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; process by which polymers are broken down and an essential part of digestion |
| Enzymes | A macromolecule, usually a protein, that serves as a biological catalyst (speeding up biochemical reactions), changing the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction |
| Carbohydrates | Member of the class of biological molecules consisting of single-monomer sugars (monosaccharides) two- monomer sugars (disaccharides), and polymers (polysaccharides) |
| Monosaccharides | The simplest carbohydrates; a simple sugar with a molecular formula that is generally some multiple of CH2O. Monosaccharides are the monomers of disaccharides and polysaccharides. |
| Glucose | Six-carbon monosaccharide that serves as a building block for many polysaccharides and whose oxidation is cellular respiration is a major source of ATP for cells |
| Disaccharides | A sugar molecule consisting of two monosaccharides linked by a dehydration reaction |
| Polysaccharides | A carbohydrate polymer of many monosaccharides (sugar) linked together by dehydration reactions |
| Starch | A storage polysaccharide in plants; a polymer of glucose |
| Glycogen | An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in liver and muscle cells; the animal equivalent of starch |
| Cellulose | A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls composed of glucose monomers. Cellulose molecules are linked by hydrogen bonds into cable-like fibrils |
| Chitin | A structural polysaccharide found in many fungal call walls and in exoskeletons of arthropods |
| Lipids | An organic compound consisting mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by non-polar covalent bonds, making the compound mostly hydrophobic lipids include fats, phospholipids, and steroids and are insoluble in water |
| Hydrophobic | "water-fearing"; pertaining to non polar molecules (or parts of molecules) that do no dissolve in water |
| Fat | A lipid composed of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; a triglyceride. Most fats function as energy storage molecules |
| Unsaturated Fatty Acids | A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail and thus lacks that maximum number of hydrogen atoms. Unsaturated fats and fatty acids do not solidify at room temperature |
| Saturated Fatty Acids | A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds and the maximum number of hydrogen atoms are attached to the carbon skeleton. Saturated fats and fatty acids solidify at room temperature |
| Trans Fats | An unsaturated fat linked to health risks that is formed artificially during hydrogenation of vegetable oils |
| Phospholipids | A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group, giving that molecule two non-polar hydrophobic tails and a polar hydrophilic head. Phospholipids form bilayers that function as biological membranes. |
| Steroids | A type of lipid whose carbon skeleton is in the form of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached. Examples are cholesterol, testosterone and estrogen |
| Cholesterol | A steroid that is an important component of animal cell membranes and that acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other steroids, such as hormones |
| Anabolic Steroids | Synthetic variants of the male hormone testosterone that mimics some of its effects |
| Protein | A functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded into a specific three- dimensional structure |
| Denaturation | The process where a protein unravels, losing its specific structure and hence function; can be caused by changes in pH or salt concentration or by high temperature. Denaturation also refers to the separation of the two strands of the DNA double helix. |
| Amino Acids | An organic molecule containing a carboxyl group and an amino group; serves as the monomer of proteins. |
| Peptide bond | The covalent bond between two amino acid units in a polypeptide, formed by a dehydration reaction |
| polypeptide | A polymer (chain) of amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
| Primary Structure | The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain |
| Secondary structure | The second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain |
| Tertiary Structure | the third level of protein structure; the overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain |
| Quaternary Structure | The fourth level protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits |
| DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) | A double stranded helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers with deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), and Thymine (T). Capable of replicating, DNA is an organisms genetic material |
| Nucleic Acids | A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and through the actions of proteins, for all cellular structures and actives. Two types of nucleic acids are DNA & RNA |
| RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) | A type of nucleic acid consisting nucleotides monomers with a ribose sugar & the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), and Uracil (U); usually single-stranded, functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, & as the genome of some vi |
| Gene | A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses). Most of the genes of a eukaryote are located in its chromosomal DNA; a few are carried by the DNA of the mitochondria and chloroplasts |
| Nucleotide | A building block nucleic acids, consisting of a five carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups |
| Double helix | The formation of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide stands interwound into a spiral shape |
| Gene Expression | The process whereby genetic information flows from genes to proteins; the flow of genetic information from the genotype to the phenotype |
| Functional Groups | A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions |
| Hydrophilic | "Water-loving"; pertaining to non-polar molecules (or parts of molecules) that are soluble in water |
| Hydroxyl Group | A chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. (Also called alcohols) |
| Carbonyl Group | A chemical group consisting of a carbon atom linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom |
| Carboxyl group | A chemical group consisting of a carbon atom linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group, acts as an acid by contributing an H+ to a solution (becoming ionized) |
| Amino Group | A chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms |
| Phosphate Group | A chemical group consisting of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms, involved with energy transfer |
| Methyl Group | A chemical group consisting of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms |
| Cells | The structural and functional units of life. It can regulate its internal environment, take in and use energy and respond to its environment |
| Taxonomy | The branch of biology that names and classifies species (human = Homo sapien ("wise-man")) arranges species into a hierarchy (reptiles = snakes and frogs) of broader groups from genus, family order, class, and phylum, to kingdom. |
| Science | A way of knowing an approach to understanding the natural world |
| Data | The evidence on which scientific inquiry is based |
| Hypothesis | A proposed explanation for a set of observations, and it leads to predictions that can be tested by making additional observations or by performing experiments |
| Experiment | A scientific test, often carried out under controlled conditions |
| Theory | A widely accepted explanatory idea that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, and is supported by a large body of evdience |
| Independent Variable | The factor that is manipulated by researchers |
| Dependent Variable | The measure used to judge the outcome of the experiment |
| Controlled Experiment | One in which an experimental group is compared with a control group. (Those groups ideally differ only in the one variable that experiment is designed to test) |
| Evolution | The process of change that has transformed life on earth form its earliest forms to the vast array of organisms living today |
| Natural Selection | The process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change |
| Artificial Selection | The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits |
| Genes | A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA) most of the genes or a eukaryote are located in its chromosomal DNA, a few are carried by the DNA of mitochondria and chloroplasts. |
| Gene Expression | The process whereby genetic information flows from genes to proteins; the flow of genetic informations form the genotype to the phenotype |
| systems biology | An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior or whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the systems parts |
| What are the seven properties of processes we associate with life? | Order, reproduction, growth and development, energy processing, response to environment, regulation and evolutionary adaptation. |
| Organism | An individual living thing |
| Organ system | Several organs that cooperate in a specific function |
| Organs | Made up of several different tissues |
| Organelle | A membrane enclosed structure that performs a specific function in a cell |
| What are the two types of cells? | Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic |
| Prokaryotic Cells | Also known as bacteria, first to evolve on earth, a type of cell lacking a membrane- enclosed nucleus and other membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains: Bacteria & Archaea |
| Eukaryotic | Evolved about 2.1 billions years ago. Plants, animals, fungi, and Protist. A type of cell that has a membrane- enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. All organisms except bacteria & archaea are composed of Eukaryotic cells |
| What are the three major domains? | Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya |
| What are the Eukarya kingdoms? | Plants, animals, fungi and Protista |
| The genus name is always________? | capitalized |
| The species name is____________? | Not capitalized |
| the binomial nomenclature is always either? | Italicized or underlined |
| What does HONC stand for | Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and carbon |
| Inert gases | won't mix with others, |
| how many bonds do HONC have? | H=1, O=2, N=3, C=4 |
| ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate: the main energy source for cells. It releases energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed |
| Protein | Made from amino acids linked by peptide bonds, the shape is determined by the amino acids. |
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Mcgilvraymandi
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