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AP HUG: Unit 1 vocab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| reference maps | maps used to show landforms and/or places |
| physical map | reference map that shows identifiable natural landmarks such as mountains, rivers, oceans, elevation, etc. |
| political map | reference map that shows political boundaries e.g. countries, cities, capitals, etc. |
| thematic maps | maps used to display specific types by information(theme) pertaining to an area |
| cartogram | thematic map that show statistical data by transforming space e.g. population |
| Choropleth map | thematic map that uses shading or coloring to show statistical data e.g. population |
| dot density map | thematic map that uses dots to indicate a feature or occurrence e.g. population |
| graduated symbols map (proportional symbols map) | thematic map that indicates relative magnitude of some value for a geographic region in which the symbol varies in proportion to data e.g. population |
| absolute distance | measurement using a standard unit of length e.g. mile, kilometer |
| relative distance | measurement of the social, cultural, and/or economic connectivity e.g. USA and Iran vs USA and China |
| absolute direction | finding a location using a compass direction e.g. north, south, east, west |
| relative direction | finding a location not using a compass direction e.g. left, right, forward, backward, up, down |
| spatial pattern | the way things are laid out and organized on the surface of Earth |
| clustering | objects that form a group e.g. coastal population |
| dispersal | objects that are scattered e.g. rural population |
| elevation | height above sea level |
| spatial scale | hierarchy of spaces; analyzing data at a variety of scales- global, regional, national, and local e.g. location of French speakers: global: in the world regional: in North America national: in Canada local: in Quebec |
| map distortion | all maps are distorted as a result of projecting a 3-D surface onto a 2-D surface in area, distance, shape, and/or direction |
| map projection | a way to transfer the 3-D earth onto a 2-D map to reduce distortion in area, distance, shape, and/or direction |
| geographic data | information that identifies the geographic location of features and boundaries on earth (natural and constructed) |
| geospatial technologies | technology that provides geographic data that is used for personal (navigation), business (marketing), and governmental (environmental planning) purposes |
| GIS (Global Information System) | 1. map created by a computer that can combine layers of spatial data 2. data is displayed and analyzed to gain insights into geographical patterns/relationships e.g. vulnerability of the Florida Aquifer, school boundaries, and crime rates |
| satellite navigation systems | system of satellites that provide geo-spatial positioning e.g. GPS |
| remote sensing | collecting data with instruments that are distant from the area of study |
| types of remote sensors | satellites, planes, aircraft, spacecraft, ships, buoys |
| uses of remote sensing | track storms, search from natural resources, military surveillance, monitor volcanoes, monitor deforestation/glacier melting |
| online mapping and visualization | compilation and publication of web sites that provide graphical and text information in the form of maps/visuals e.g. homicide statistics |
| spatial information can also come from written accounts (not just technology) | field observations, media reports, travel narratives, policy documents, personal interviews, landscape analysis, and photographic evidence |
| census data | systematically acquiring and recording information about members of a given population |
| satellite imagery | images of earth collected by satellites operated by governments and businesses around the world |
| absolute location | describes the precise location of a place using Earth's Graticule (latitude and longitude) |
| relative location | describes the location of a place relative to other human and physical features |
| space(geography) | relational concept that acquires meaning and sense when related to other concepts e.g. geographers study phenomena across space |
| place | describes an area on the surface of earth with distinguishing human and physical characteristics (place is space with meaning) e.g. Agra, India |
| pattern | an arrangement of objects on earth, including the space in between those objects |
| human-environmental interaction | describes the ways human modify or adapt to the natural world e.g. bridges, dams, houses, roads |
| distance decay | the idea that the likelihood of interaction diminishes with increasing distance |
| time-space compression | term that refers to the increasing sense of connectivity that seems to be bringing people closer together even though their distances are the same |
| time space convergence | time space convergence term that refers to the greatly accelerated movement of goods, information, and ideas during the 20th century made possible by technological innovations e.g. TV, internet, satellite communication |
| movement (geography) | describes the ways in which people, goods, and ideas, move from place to place |
| flow (geography) | movement in a steady steam e.g. migration |
| globalization | the process of increased interconnectedness among countries most notably in the areas of economics, politics, and culture |
| network | a system of interconnected people or things e.g. transportation, communication, financial, governmental |
| region | describes and area on Earth marked by similarity in some way (a way to organize space) |
| regionalism | refers to a group's perceived identification with a particular region e.g. the South |
| formal region | region marked by a shared trait (cultural, physical, etc.) e.g. The Keys, The Caribbean |
| functional region | region marked by a particular set of activities that occur e.g. Southwest Airlines, newspaper |
| perceptual/vernacular region | region that exists as an idea e.g. the South, Kurdistan |
| regional boundaries | transitional and often contested and overlapping e.g. Kurdistan in Turkey and Northern Iraq |
| regional analysis | analyzing regions at a variety of scales-global, national, and local e.g. Muslim population global: in the world national: in Turkey local: in Kurdistan |
| sustainability | meeting an increased demand for resources (energy, food, fuel) in a way that protects the ability of future generations to meet their own needs |
| natural resources | something found in nature and is necessary or useful to humans e.g. forest, mineral deposit, water |
| land use | the function of land e.g. agricultural, commercial, residential, transportation, recreation |
| environmental determinism | theory that a society is formed and determined by the physical environment, especially the climate; the physical environment predisposes societies towards a particular development; human society development is controlled by the environment |
| possibilism | theory that the environment sets certain constraints or limitation but people use their creativity to decide how to respond to the conditions of a particular natural environment |
| spatial scale | analyzing scales reveal variation/different interpretations of data e.g. fertility rate global: in the world (2.4) regional: in Sub-Saharan Africa (4.7) national: in Tunisia (2.1) |
Created by:
Celine_Espejo
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