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Transportation Plann
Areas of Practice: Transportation Planning - AICP November 2022 Test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Transportation planning | multiple scales-- national, state, regional, citywide, neighborhood, and site level. |
| Trip generation | number of trips that a particular site is likely to generate based on the land use of a property. Trip generation models, tables, and surveys all have their own sources of error and should only be seen as estimates. |
| Origin-Destination Survey | requires that roadblocks be set up along major routes to be sampled and asked questions on where they are coming from (address or point of origin) and where they are going (destination) |
| Cross tabulation models | used to estimate trip generation based on land use type, purpose, or socioeconomic characteristics. |
| Some typical trip generation rates include: | 10 daily trips for every 1,000 sf of general office space 9 daily trips per SFR 7 daily trips per apartment unit 38 daily trips per 1,000 sf of shopping center space 5 daily trips per 1,000 sf of light industrial development |
| trip end | origin or destination point of a journey. |
| Trip Distribution | examines where people are going, sometimes by traffic zone within a region |
| gravity model | can be used to provide trip estimates based on the proportional attractiveness of the zone (the "gravitational pull") and inversely proportional to the trip length. |
| Modal Split | how people get to where they want to go, and the form of transportation that they use such as cars, mass transit (bus, train, etc.), bicycles, or walking, planners are able to estimate how many vehicles need to get from one place to another |
| AADT (Average Annual Daily Traffic) | the amount of traffic on a roadway in a 24 hour period, averaged over a year; |
| Peak Hour Volume | hourly traffic during the peak period; |
| Seasonal Hour Volume | peak hour volume during different seasons |
| Design Hour Volume (DHV) | capacity of the roadway to handle traffic |
| Traffic assignment, also known as trip assignment | use network models to predict the distribution of traffic for each roadway (the routes that will be used), by the hour. Peak volumes compared w DHV to see which roadways are going to experience traffic over their design capacity (congestion) |
| Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) | measure of vehicular mobility from travel inventories as a function of many factors, (topography, pop density, travel distances between home and daily destinations (such as work, shopping, and recreation), and the avail of mass transit |
| Road design | focuses on everything from the nature of street hierarchy to design guidelines for local streets |
| Arterial | Provides the highest level of service at the greatest speed for the longest uninterrupted distance, with some degree of access control. higher mobility, low degree of access |
| Collector | Provides a less highly developed level of service at a lower speed for shorter distances by collecting traffic from local roads and connecting them with arterials. balance between mobility and access |
| Local | Consists of all roads not defined as arterials or collectors; primarily provides access to land with little or no through movement. lower mobility, high degree of access |
| Typical local street standards include | 500 feet maximum tangents; Use of stop signs or speed bumps to reduce vehicle speed; 150 feet between intersections; Clear sight distances of 75 feet. |
| Grid Street Pattern | a street pattern common in ancient cities and often advocated by New Urbanist planners for facilitating pedestrian access; variants of the classic grid include the block grid, curved block grid, and curved grid; |
| Loop streets | with minimum and maximum depth standards; |
| Cul-de-sacs | with maximum length and minimum radius standards of 400-450 feet long and 40-foot turn-around radius; |
| Plaza and hammerhead street style, | usually insufficient for vehicular turn-around. |
| Highway Capacity Manual | provides concepts, guidelines, and procedures for computing highway capacity and quality of service based on road type. |
| Levels of Service (LOS) range from A to F | LOS A means there is free-flowing traffic and LOS F means heavy traffic congestion with severely reduced traffic speeds. |
| 1944 the Federal-Aid Highway Act | designated 65,000 km of interstate highways selected by state highway departments and created highway system but did not provide funding. |
| 1947 Public Roads Administration (PRA) | implementing the highway system of 60,640 km of interstate highways |
| 1952 Federal-Aid Highway Act | authorized $25 million for the construction of interstate highways and another $175 million two years later |
| 1956 Federal-Aid Highway Act | authorized $25 billion between 1957 and 1969 |
| 1962 Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1962 | US federal mandate for urban transportation planning for Interstate highway routes. Req transportation projects in urbanized areas with a pop of 50,000 + be based on transpo planning 3C process: continuing, comprehensive, and cooperative |
| Acts that provided funding for not just highways but also transit, pedestrian and bicycle facilities | 1991 Intermodal Surface Transpo Effic Act (ISTEA) 21st Century: Transportation Equity Act (TEA-21) Transportation Equity Act 3 (TEA3) Safe, Accountable, Flexible, and Efficient Transportation Equity Act (SAFETEA) Moving Ahead for Progress (MAP-21) |
| 2015 Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act | allows city planners to set their own street design standards for local federally funded projects, it did not raise the gas tax to fund improvements (the gas tax was last raised in 1993). |
| Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs) | The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1962 required that urbanized areas with pop of 50,000 + or more develop comprehensive urban transportation plans to receive federal financial assistance for road construction projects |
| 1965, the Bureau of Public Roads (the predecessor to the Federal Highway Administration) | required the creation of planning agencies that would be responsible for carrying out the required transportation planning processes and as a result, MPOs were established |
| Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) | prepared by MPOs w all projects w federal funds along with non-federally funded projects that are regionally significant. Represents regional priorities and is req by federal law, is multi-modal w hwy, transit, bicycle, ped, and freight-related projects. |
| TIP Columns | schedules by project phase (preliminary engineering, final design, right-of-way acquisition, and construction). Inclusion of a project phase in the TIP means that it is expected to be implemented during the TIP time period. |
| Transportation Demand Management (TDM) | Efficient use of transportation: Car Sharing Flextime Guaranteed Ride Home Public Transit Park-and-Ride HOV Lanes Telecommuting Commute Trip Reduction Transit Oriented Development |
| Car Sharing | allows individuals to purchase a membership to a car service. Cars are located at fixed locations throughout a city and a member calls to schedule a time to use one. This allows individuals to pay only as they use the vehicle. |
| Flextime | allows employees to work at different times beyond the regular 8 to 5 workday. Individuals can choose to work a four-day workweek, come in earlier, or stay later. Flextime reduces congestion on roadways during peak commute times. |
| Guaranteed Ride Home | allows individuals to purchase a membership to a car service. Cars are located at fixed locations throughout a city and a member calls to schedule a time to use one. This allows individuals to pay only as they use the vehicle. |
| Public transit | includes buses, light rail, heavy rail, and streetcars and trolleys. |
| Park-and-Ride | allows commuters to go from their home to a designated parking lot, where they then can either ride public transit or participate in a carpool. |
| High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes (HOV) | allow vehicles with more than one person (babies count too) to travel in a specially designated lane on a highway. California allows the single-occupant use of HOV lanes by qualifying electric, plug-in hybrid, and clean alternative fuel vehicles |
| high-occupancy toll lane (or HOT lane) | allows single-passenger cars to use the lane for a fee (criticized as being only available to those with high incomes). |
| Telecommuting | allows employees to work from home and communicate through the Internet or telephone with the office. |
| Commute trip reduction (CTR) | one of the tools of a transportation demand management plan. CTR programs provide commuters with resources and incentives to reduce their vehicle trips, particularly during peak commute hours. |
| Transit Oriented Development (TOD) | Residential and commercial areas designed to encourage the use of public transportation. A TOD neighborhood has a center with a rail or bus station, surrounded by medium to high-density development, and progressively lower-density spreading outwards. |
| Transit Oriented Development (TOD) Design | Typ have a diameter of 1/4 to 1/2 mile, which represents pedestrian scale distances. Some of the benefits of TODs are the overall reduction in VMT and the number of vehicle trips, incr in walking and bicycling, and reduction of emissions from vehicles. |
| Traffic Calming | involves horizontal (e.g., change in street alignment) as well as vertical (e.g., speed bumps) adjustment. The purpose is to reduce traffic speed and/or volume. |
| Chicane | a series of staggered curb extensions on alternating sides of the roadway. Motorists reduce their speed by having to maneuver along the roadway. |
| Choker | a curb extension in the middle of a block, which narrows the street width to restrict the speed of traffic in each direction. |
| Full or partial closure | does not allow traffic beyond a certain point in the roadway. For example, a partial closure could change the traffic from two-way to one-way at a point on the road. |
| Realigned intersection | Change the alignment of roadways near an intersection. This causes traffic to slow prior to entering the intersection. The approach to the intersection is not straight and requires the driver to move into a curve before approaching the intersection. |
| Roundabouts | Require vehicles to circulate around a center island - useful on smaller streets. Traffic circles are appropriate for major streets. |
| Speed humps | Raised areas placed across a road and are 3 to 4 inches tall. They reduce traffic speed by causing uncomfortable driving conditions if the driver goes too fast. |
| Speed table | larger than a speed hump. It has a flat-top and may have brick or another textured material on the flat surface. A speed table is long enough for the entire vehicle to rest on the flat section of the table. |
| Traffic circles | Raised landscape islands located at the center of an intersection and can vary in size. They are intended to move more traffic through, increasing efficiency, although they are also meant to reduce traffic speed. |
| Parking Space Requirements | 9 or 10 feet by 18 feet or approximately 180 square feet per parking space. |
| complete street | safe, accessible, and convenient street that everyone can use regardless of age, ability or mode of transportation. This means that motorists, bicyclists, pedestrians, and transit riders have sufficient infrastructure for safe access |
| Transportation Sector | Responsible for 1/3 of greenhouse gas emissions |
| Federal Highway Act, 1956 | Multibillion program to create interstate highway system linking all state capitals and most cities of 50,000 population + |
| Section 4(f), 1966 | Department of Transportation Act provides protection to parkland, wildlife refuges and other preservation worthy resources in building national roads. |
| Passage of Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA), 1991 | Includes provisions for a National Scenic Byways Program and for transportation enhancements w historic preservation component |
Created by:
cristinemshoff
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