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APch6
Bones and skeletal tissues
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| periochondrium | Layer of dense irregular ct surrounding developing boneachts as girdle to resist outward expansioncontains blood vessles nutrient diffuse through marix to reach cartilage cells |
| 3 types of cartilage | hyaline elastic fibrocartilage |
| how many named bones form the human skeleton? | 206+ |
| Axial Skeleton | consistis of bones that lie around the longitudinal central axis of bodyIncludes the bones of Skull Vertebral column and Rib Cage |
| Appendicular Skeleton | Consists of upper and lover limbs, Girdles (attach appendicular bones to Axial) |
| 4 types of bones | long, short, (sesamoid), Flat, Irregular |
| Long Bones | Longer tha wide,Shaft & 2 ends, All limb bones except patella, wrist and ankle |
| Short Bones | Cube shaped (wrist ankle) Sesamoid Bones- form in tendon |
| Flat Bones | Thin, flattened, bit curved- sternum scpapulae, ribs, skull |
| Irregular Bones | Complicated shape, hip bones vertebra |
| Functions of Bone | Support, protections, movement, mineral and growth factor storage, blood cell formation, triglyceride storage |
| Bone projections are indications of what? | stress from muscles attached and pulling, or are modified surfaces where bone meet and make joints |
| Depressions and openings in bones usuall serve to allow what? | Passage of nerves and Blood vessles |
| tuberosity | large rounded projection;may be roughened |
| Epicondyle= raised area on or above condyleSpine= sharp slender often pointed projectionsProcess= any bone prominenceHead= bony expansion carried on narrow neckFacet=smooth nearly flat articular surfaceCondyle=rounded articular projectionRam | |
| Trochanter | very large blunt irregularly shaped process |
| Line | narrow ridge of bone less prominent than crest |
| Tubercle | small rounded projection |
| Epicondyle | raised area on or above condyle |
| Spine | sharp slender often pointed projections |
| Process | any bone prominence |
| Head | bony expansion carried on narrow neck |
| Facet | smooth nearly flat articular surface |
| Condyle | rounded articular projection |
| Ramus | arm like bar of bone |
| Groove | furrow |
| Fissure | narrow slit like opening |
| Foramen (Foramina) | round oval opening through bone |
| Notch | indentation at edge of structure |
| Meatus (canal) | clanal like passage way |
| Sinus | cavity with in bone, filled with air lined mucous membrane |
| Fossa | shallow basine like depression in bone often serves as articular surface |
| Fovea | little pit |
| Body | main part |
| Neck | constriction between the head and body |
| Margin or border | edge |
| Angle | bend |
| Compact bone tissue | looks solid to eye, has passage ways for nerves vessels and lymphatic vessels |
| Spongy bone tissue | looks like spongy irregularly arranged cells. Serves as stress reinforcement. No osteons |
| Diaphysis of Long Bone | Shaft compact bone, Medullary Cavity (marrow) |
| Epiphyses of Long Bone | Bone ends usually more expanded than diaphysis |
| Epiphyseal Line/Plate | Disk of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen bone and the fuses at growth maturity |
| 2 Layers of Periosteum | Outer Fibrous Layer (Dense Irregular CT) Inner Osteogenic Layer consists of bone forming cells |
| 3 types of cells of osteogenic layer of periosteum | 1. Osteoblasts-secreate bone matrix elemens (bone Germinators) 2. Osteoclasts-destroys and reabsorbs “dead” bone (bone breaker 3. Osteogenic- cells-primitave stem cells gives rise to osteoblasts |
| Nutrient Foramen | Allows periosteum to enter diaphysis |
| Endosteum | Delicate CT membrane covers trabeculae of spongy bone. Lines opening of compact bone (simple squamous epithelium) |
| Short, irregular, and flat bones consist of? | thin plates of periosteum covered compact bone and endosteum covered spongy bone inside |
| Osteon | elongated cylinder oriented parallel to long axis of bone Tiny weight pillars, structural unit of compact bone tissue. |
| Concentric Lamellae of Osteon | ring like layers of bone matrix. Collagen fibers of single lamella run .--> collagen fibers of adjacent alternating pattern with stands tension stresses |
| Central Canal (haversian Canal) of Osteon | contain small blood vessels and nerve fibers serve need of osteon cells . Longitudinal channels through compact bone connect with perforating (volkmann’s) |
| Osteocytes | cell body is in lacuna btwn the concentric lamellae. cytoplasmic processes extend from the cell body of each osteocyte.->canaliculi. Canaliculi connect lacuna to each other and to central canal and to central canal |
| Perforating canals (volkmann’s canals) | run transversly contain blood vessels n nerves, connect blood and nerve supply to the periosteum and in central and medullary canals |
| Interstitial Lamellae | Intact osteons and incomplete lamellae fill gaps btwn forming osteons |
| Spongy Bone tissue | Trabeculae large spaces, align at lines of stress reinforces like buttresses, no concentric lamellae, mo osteons, receives nutrients through canaliculi from capillaries in endosteum |
| 5 organic components of bone | osteogenic,osteoblasts,osteocytes,osteoclasts,osteoid |
| osteoid | organic part of matrix. Inc ground substance n collagen fibers secreates by osteo blasts |
| Organic Components of Bone contribute to what? | Structure, flexibility, strength |
| Hydroxyapatite crystals (hydroxyapatites) | Inorganic component of bone, forms 65% of matrix , deposited in n around collagen fibers of matrix. HARDNESS. |
| Ossification (osteogenesis) | Process of bone formation, leads to formation of bony skeleton in embryo, bone growth, and bone remodeling/repair |
| At what week does tissue begin to develop in human embryo? | 8 |
| When a bone develops from a fibrous membrane, what is the process called? | intramembranous ossification |
| Endochondrial ossification | bone development that involves replacement of hyaline cartilage |
| What bones do Intamembranous Ossification result in? | Cranial Clavicles.. flat bones |
| Steps of intramembranous ossification+ 1. Ossification centers appear in fiborous CT. 2. Bone matrix (osteoid) is sercreated w/in fibrous membr->calcifies 3. woven bone n periosteum form. 4 . Lamellar Bone replaces wove, rd mrow appears | |
| Steps in Endochondral Ossification | 1.bone collararound diaphysis-hyaline cartilage .2.cartilage in center of diaphysis calcifies->develops cavities.3.The periosteal bud invades the internal cavities & spongy bone forms.4,diaphysis elongates n medullary cavity forms.5 epiphysis calcifies |
| After secondary ossification is complete, hyaline cartilage remains in 2 places? | epiphyseal Surfaces (articular) Junction of Diaphysis & epiphysis (epiphyseal Plates) |
| 4 zones of epiphyseal plate | 1. Proliferation Zone- Cartilage cells ->mitosis. 2. hypertrophy-older cartilage cells enlarge. 3. Calcification- Matrix->calcified, Carilage cells die matrix deteriorates.4 ossification-new bone formation |
| During growth How does the epiphyseal plate maintain a constant thickness | rate of cartilage growth on epiphysis side is balanced by its replacement w bony tissue on diaphysis side. |
| Longitudinal growth is accompanied by almost continuous what? | bone remodeling of epiphysis ends to ensure proper portion ( endochrondial ossification) |
| Appositional growth | growing in thickness instead of length |
| Role of osteoblasts during width growth | secreat bone matrix |
| Role of osteoclasts during width growth | remove bone on endosteal surface |
| Growth Hormones | thyroid, testosterone, estrogen |
| The endire skeleton is replaced every? | 2 years |
| 2 processes of BONE REMODELING | Bone deposition, bone resorption |
| Where does bone deposit occur? | Wherever bone is injured or worn |
| Bone Healthy Diet consists of what? | Proteins, Vitamins C D A , Minerals (calcium phosphorus) |
| Control loops that regulate bone remodeling? | negative Feedback hormonal loop, Responses to mechanical and gravitational forces |
| What hormone is primarily involved with bone remodeling? | parathyroid hormone produced by parathyroid gland when ionic calcium levels in blood decline. Increased hormone level stimulates osteoclasts to reabsorb bone |
| Wolff’s law | Bone grows or remodels in response to demands placed on it. Bone’s anatomy reflects common stressors encountered |
| How mechanical forces communicate with the cells responsible for remodeling | deforming a bone produces an electrical current, current stimulates osteoblasts to deposit osteoid |
| Fracture | breaks |
| Traumatic Fracture | Injury |
| Pathologic (spontaneous) fracture | disease weakens bone |
| Nondisplaced v Displaced | bone ends normal position v bone ends out of normal alignment |
| Complete break v incomplete | broken through v part of way through |
| Open (compound) v Closed (simple) | bone penetrate skin v bone doesn’t penetrate skin |
| 4 steps in repair of simple bone fracture | 1. hematoma forms. 2. fibrocartillagenous callus forms. 3. bon1y callus forms. 4. bone remodeling occurs |
| osteomalacia | “soft bones” are inadequately mineralized. Caused by Ca/vit d def |
| Rickets | childhood form of osteomalacia can result in deformities in hips pelvis skull and ribcage |
| Osteoporosis | bone reabsorbtion out paces bone deposit |
Created by:
ktlapp
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