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Inflammation & Wound
Medical Surgical Nursing in Canada - Ch. 14
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hypertrophy | an increase in the size of cells, resulting in increased tissue mass without cell division. |
| Hyperplasia | an increase in the number of cells resulting from increased cellular division. This process is reversible when the stimulus is removed |
| Atrophy | a decrease in size of a tissue or organ caused by a decreased number of cells or a reduction in the size of the individual cells. |
| Metaplasia | the transformation of one cell type into another in response to a change in physiological condition or an external irritant |
| Dysplasia | an abnormal differentiation of dividing cells that results in changes in their size, shape, and appearance |
| Anaplasia | cell differentiation to a more immature or embryonic form. |
| Apoptosis | Programmed cell death |
| necrosis | death of a tissue or part of a tissue with cellular reaction to the dead cells |
| Inflammatory | This response neutralizes and dilutes the inflammatory agent, removes necrotic materials, and establishes an environment suitable for healing and repair |
| Vascular response | results in vasodilation causing hyperemia (increased blood flow in the area), which raises filtration pressure |
| Cellular response | neutrophils and monocytes move to the inner surface of the capillaries (margination) and then through the capillary wall (diapedesis) to the site of injury |
| Exudate | consists of fluid and leukocytes that move from the circulation to the site of injury. |
| Regeneration | The replacement of lost cells and tissues with cells of the same type |
| Repair | More common type of healing and usually results in scar formation |
| Primary Intention | healing takes place when wound margins are neatly approximated, as in a surgical incision or a paper cut. |
| Secondary Intention | healing occurs in wounds from trauma, ulceration, and infection that have large amounts of exudate and wide, irregular wound margins, extensive tissue loss, and may not have edges that can be approximated. |
| Tertiary intention | healing occurs with delayed suturing of a wound in which two layers of granulation tissue are sutured together. |
| Neutrophils | First leukocyte at site of inflammation. They phagocytize (engulf) bacteria, foreign material, damaged cells |
| Macrophages | Enter into tissue and transform into macrophages. They clean up inflammatory debris |
| Eosinophils | Release chemicals that act to control the effects of histamine and serotonin |
| Histamine | This mediator causes immediate vasodilation and increased permeability |
| Leukotrienes | This mediator causes vasodilation, increased capillary permeability and chemotaxis |
| Seropurulent | This type of exudate may indicate a bacterial infection and/or the presence of necrotic liquid or tissue. |
| Sanguinous | This type of exudate may indicate low protein content due to malnutrition |
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