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Ch 19 Bio 116
Test 2 BIO 116
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe the pulmonary circuit. | RV ➡ ️ PA ➡ Capillaries in lungs ➡ PV ➡ LA |
| Describe the systemic circuit. | Arteries ➡ Capillaries ➡ LV Veins ➡ RA |
| Which chamber of the heart receives blood from the systemic circuit? | Right Atrium |
| Difference between efferent and afferent vessels. | Efferent- Carry away Afferent- Carry towards |
| List the 5 classes of blood vessels. | Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. |
| Describe a capillary. | Small blood vessel, between arterioles and a venule that permit exchange between blood and interstitial fluid by diffusion. |
| Identify the two types of capillaries with a complete endothelium. | Continuous and fenestrated. |
| Where are fenestrated capillaries located? | Endocrine glands, choroid plexus in brain, intestine, and kidneys. |
| Why are valves located in the veins but not arteries? | Pressure in arteries is high enough to keep blood away from heart while in veins it's too low and valves prevent backflow. |
| How is blood pressure mainlined in the veins against the force of gravity? | Blood pressure is assisted by valves and the contraction of skeletal muscles that squeeze venous blood toward the heart. |
| Describe the distribution of total blood volume in the body. | Systemic venous and arterial system (64% & 13%). Heart (7%), Pulmonary Circuit (9%), and Systemic Capillaries (7%). |
| What factors are involved in the formation of varicose veins? | Sagging and swollen superficial veins in thighs and legs. Due to gravity and failure of venous valves. |
| Neural and endocrine regulatory mechanisms influence which factors? | Heart rate, stroke volume, peripheral resistance, and venous pressure. |
| Which is greater: arterial pressure or venous pressure? | Arterial pressure. |
| Why is it beneficial for capillary pressure to be very low? | Allows time for diffusion between blood and interstitial fluid. |
| List the factors that contribute to total peripheral resistance. | Vascular resistance, vessel length, vessel luminal diameter, blood viscosity, and turbulence. |
| Explain the 1/r4 equation. | Resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius. |
| Which would reduce the peripheral resistance: an increase in vessel length or an increase in vessel diameter? | Increase in vessel diameter. |
| Define blood flow and describe its relationship to blood pressure and peripheral resistance. | Volume of blood flowing per unit of time through a vessel. Directly proportional to BP and inversely proportional to PR. |
| In a healthy person, where is blood pressure greater: in the aorta or inferior vena cava? Explain your answer. | In the aorta, because if it weren't blood would flow in the reverse direction. |
| Calculate the mean arterial pressure for a person whose blood pressure is 125/70. | 88.3 mm Hg |
| Under what general conditions would fluid move into a capillary? | Whenever BCOP is greater than CHP. |
| Define edema. | Abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in peripheral tissues. |
| Identify the conditions that would shift the balance between hydrostatic and osmotic forces. | Any condition that affects BP or osmotic pressures. |
| Define tissue perfusion. | Blood flow to tissues that has adequate oxygen and nutrients. |
| Describe autoregulation as it relates to cardiovascular function. | Involves local factors changing the pattern of blood flow within the capillary beds in response to chemical changes in interstitial fluids. |
| Explain the function of baroreceptor reflexes. | Respond to changes in BP. |
| Identify the hormones responsible for short term regulation of decreasing blood pressure and volume. | Epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
| How does the kidney respond to vasoconstriction of the renal artery? | Decrease blood flow and BP. Kidney would release EPO and renin. |
| Describe the role of natriuretic peptides. | Trigger responses that decrease blood volume and BP. |
| Where are chemoreceptors located? | Carotid bodies, aortic bodies, and on the ventrolateral surfaces of the medulla oblongata. |
| What is the function of chemoreceptor reflexes? | Respond to decreasing pH and oxygen levels and to increasing CO2 levels in the blood and CSF. |
| What effect does an increase in respiratory rate have on Co2 levels? | Reduces CO2 levels. |
| Respiratory pump | Reduction of pressure in the thoracic cavity during inhalation assists venous return to the heart. |
| Describe the changes in cardiac output and blood flow during exercise. | Cardiac output increases. |
| Identify the compensatory mechanisms that respond to blood loss. | Increase in cardiac output, mobilization of venous blood reservoir, peripheral vasoconstriction, and releasing hormones that promote retention of fluids, and mature RBCs. |
| Name the immediate and long -term problems related to hemorrhage. | Restore normal blood volume. |
| Describe circulatory shock, progressive shock, and irreversible shock. | Circulatory shock- Blood loss exceeds 35% of TBV. Progressive shock- Series of positive feedback loops. (SACS) Irreversible shock- Fatal stage that occurs if positive feedback loops are not broken. |
| What are blood islands and from which cells do they form? | Aggregations of embryonic cells within the yolk sac that create blood cells and vessels. |
| Function of hemangioblasts? | Remodel blood islands into capillary networks and then into arterial and venous networks. |
| Compare the oxygen content in the two circulatory outlets. | Pulmonary - Deoxygenated Systemic- Oxygenated |
| Describe general patterns of blood vessel organization. | Peripheral distributions of arteries and veins on both sides of body are identical except by the heart. |
| Trace a drop of blood through the lungs, starting at the right ventricle and ending at the left atrium. | RV ➡ PT ➡ Right and Left PA ➡ P Arterioles ➡ Alveoli ➡ P Venules ➡ PV ➡ LA |
| What is the largest artery of the body? | Aorta |
| Name the two large veins that collect blood from systemic circuit. | Superior vena cava and inferior vena cava. |
| Major difference between arterial and venous systems. | Existence of dual venous drainage in neck and limbs. |
| Name the two arteries formed by the division of the brachiocephalic trunk. | Right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery. |
| A blockage of which branch of the aortic arch would interfere with the blood flow to the left arm? | Left subclavian artery. |
| Whenever Thor gets angry, a large vein bulges in the lateral region of his neck. Which vein is this? | External jugular vein. |
| Identify the branches of the external carotid artery. | Temporal, maxillary, occipital, facial, lingual, and external carotid arteries. |
| Name the arterial structure in the neck region that contains baroreceptors. | Carotid sinus. |
| What veins form the brachiocephalic vein? | Both jugulars, vertebral, and subclavian veins. |
| Name the three branches of the internal carotid artery. | Ophthalmic, anterior cerebral, and middle cerebral arteries. |
| Describe the structure and function of the cerebral arterial circle. | Circle of Willis, ring-shaped, encircles the pituitary gland. |
| Which vessel collects most of the venous blood inferior to the diagram? | Inferior vena cava. |
| Identify the major branches of the inferior vena cava. | Lumbar, gonadal, hepatic, renal, adrenal, and phrenic veins. |
| Grace is in an automobile accident and her celiac trunk is ruptured. Which organs will be affected most directly by this injury? | Stomach, esophagus, spleen, liver, gallbladder, and small intestine. |
| List the unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta that supply blood to the visceral organs. | Celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery. |
| Identify the three veins that merge to form the hepatic portal vein. | Superior and inferior mesenteric and splenic veins. |
| Identify two veins that carry blood away from the stomach. | Left and right gastroepiploic veins. |
| Describe the function of the hepatic portal system, and name its primary vessel. | Carry blood with nutrients to digestive organs. Primary vessel- hepatic portal vein. |
| Name the first two branches of the common iliac artery. | Internal and external iliac artery. |
| The plantar venous arch carries blood to which three veins? | Anterior and posterior tibial and the fibular veins. |
| A blood clot that blocks the popliteal vein would interfere with blood flow in which other veins? | Tibial and fibular veins. |
| Trace the path of a drop of blood from the left ventricle to the right hip joint. | LV ➡ Ascending Aorta ➡ Aortic Arch ➡ Thoracic Aorta ➡ Abdominal Aorta ➡ Right Common Iliac ➡ Right External Iliac ➡ Right Femoral ➡ Right Deep Femoral |
| Trace the path of a drop of blood from the right forearm to the right atrium. | Right Forearm ➡ Right Brachial ➡ Right Axillary ➡ Right Subclavian ➡ Right Brachiocephalic ➡ Superior Vena Cava ➡ Right Atrium. |
| Describe the pattern of fetal blood flow to and from the placenta. | Deoxygenated- To the Placenta through a pair of umbilical arteries. Oxygenated- From the placenta in a single umbilical vein. |
| Identify the 6 structures that are vital to fetal circulation but cease to function at birth, and describe what becomes of these structures. | Two umbilical arteries, one umbilical vein, ductus venosus, foramen ovale, and the ductus arteriosus. |
| Compare a ventricular septal defect with tetralogy of Fallot. | Narrowing of the pulmonary trunk, displaced aorta, enlarged right ventricle with thickened right and left ventricles. |
Created by:
caylisrosson
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