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Ch 21 Bio 116
Test 2 BIO 116
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where does gas exchange between the air and lungs occur? | The alveoli. |
| Difference between conducting portion and respiratory portion of respiratory tract? | Conducting portion begins at nasal cavity and extends through to the bronchioles, the respiratory portion includes the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli. |
| Define respiratory defense system. | Series of filtration mechanisms that prevent airway contamination by debris and pathogens. |
| What membrane lines the conducting portion of the respiratory tract? | The respiratory mucosa. |
| Why can cystic fibrosis become lethal? | If harmful bacteria infection of the lungs develop. |
| List the structures of the upper respiratory system. | Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx. |
| Trace the pathway of air through the upper respiratory system. | Nostrils ➡ ️Nasal Cavity ➡ ️Nasal Vestibule ➡ ️Superior, middle, and inferior meatuses ➡ ️Choanae ➡ ️Nasopharynx ➡ ️Oropharynx ➡ Laryngopharynx ️➡ ️Larynx. |
| Why is the vascularization of the nasal cavity important? | Radiates body heat, so inhaled air is warm before it leaves nasal cavity to evaporate moisture and humidify incoming air. |
| Identify the paired and unpaired cartilages that compose the larynx. | Paired- Arytenoid, Corniculate, and Cuneiform. Unpaired- Thyroid, Cricoid, and Epiglottis. |
| Describe the structures of the glottis. | Vocal Folds and Rima Glottidis. |
| Distinguish between phonation and articulation. | Phonation- production of sound Articulation- modification of sound by tongue, teeth, etc. |
| Compare the two main bronchi. | Right main bronchi is larger than left and goes deeper toward the lung at a steeper angle. |
| What function do the C-shaped tracheal cartilages allow? | Room for esophagus to expand during swallowing. |
| Trace the pathway of airflow along the passages of the lower respiratory tract. | Trachea ➡ ️Main Bronchi ➡ ️Lobar Bronchi ➡ ️Segmental Bronchi ➡ ️Terminal Bronchioles ➡ ️Pulmonary Lobule. |
| Define bronchopulmonary segment. | Specific region of lung supplied by a segmental bronchus. |
| Location of the lungs within the thoracic cavity? | Surrounded by left and right pleural cavities. |
| Describe the lung borders and landmarks. | Follow contour of ribcage, the apex extends to the first rib, and the base rests on superior surface of diaphragm. |
| Name the lobes and fissures of each lung. | Superior and inferior lobe. Oblique and horizontal fissure. |
| Define pulmonary lobule. | Smallest subdivision of the lungs. |
| Describe the structure and the function of the blood air barrier. | Fused basement membranes that allow diffusion to occur rapidly across the membrane. |
| What would happen if alveoli surfactant were not produced? | Alveoli would collapse. |
| Define external respiration, gas diffusion, and internal respiration. | External Respiration- All processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide Gas Diffusion- Movement of O2 and CO2 across the blood air barrier. Internal Respiration- Absorption of O2 from blood & release of CO2 of tissue cells. |
| How are hypoxia and anoxia different? | Hypoxia is low tissue oxygen levels and anoxia is complete cutoff of oxygen supply. |
| Define Boyle's law. | At a constant temp. the pressure of gas is inversely proportional to its volume. |
| What physical changes affect the volume of the lungs? | Movements of diaphragm and ribcage. |
| What pressure determine the direction of airflow within the respiratory tract? | Intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure. |
| Identify the primary inspiratory muscles. | Diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles. |
| When do the accessory respiratory muscles become active? | Whenever the primary respiratory muscles are unable to move enough air to meet oxygen demands of tissue. |
| Name the various measurable pulmonary valves. | Tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, and inspiratory reserve volume. |
| Define respiratory rate. | Number of breaths taken each minute. |
| How does the respiratory minute volume differ from the alveolar ventilation? | RMV is amount of air moved into and out of the respiratory tract each minute. Alveolar ventilation is the amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute. |
| Which ventilates alveoli more effectively: slow deep breathes or rapid shallow breathes? Why? | Slow, deep breathes because a smaller amount of tidal volume is spent moving air. |
| Define Dalton's law. | In a mixture of gases, the individual gases exert a pressure proportional to their abundance in the mixture. |
| What is the significance of Henry’s law to the process of respiration? | Henry's law underlies the diffusion of gases between capillaries and alveoli, and between capillaries and interstitial fluid. |
| Explain the decrease in PO2 from the pulmonary venules to the blood arriving in the peripheral capillaries of the systemic circuit. | From 100 mmHg to 95 mmHg. Blood arriving at the capillaries has a 95 mmHg. |
| Define oxyhemoglobin. | Hemoglobin to which oxygen molecules have bound. |
| During exercise, hemoglobin releases more oxygen to active skeletal muscles than it does when those muscles are at rest. Why? | Increased temp and decreased pH. |
| Explain the relationship between BPG oxygen and hemoglobin. | BPG is a compound created by RBCs that decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. |
| Identify three ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream. | Bloodstream dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, and as bicarbonate ions in plasma. |
| Describe the forces that drive oxygen and carbon dioxide transport between the blood and peripheral tissues. | Differences in partial pressure. |
| How would blockage of the trachea affect blood pH? | Would interfere with the bodies ability to take in oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide, ultimately decreasing blood pH. |
| Define compliance and resistance. | Compliance- Ease in which lungs expand and recoil. Resistance- Indication of how much force is required to inflate or deflate the lungs. |
| Identify the three chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs). | Asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema. |
| Compare chronic bronchitis with emphysema. | CB is a longterm inflammation of the mucous membranes in the bronchial tubes and emphysema is a condition in which the alveolar surfaces of the lungs are destroyed causing breathlessness. |
| Name the paired central nervous system nuclei that adjust the pace of respiration. | Apneustic centers and pneumotaxic centers in the pons. |
| Which brainstem centers generate the respiratory rate? | Medulla oblongata. |
| Which chemical factors in blood or cerebrospinal fluid stimulate the respiratory centers? | pH, PO2, and PCo2. |
| Are chemoreceptors more sensitive to blood CO2 levels or blood O2 levels? | Blood CO2 levels. |
| Define hypercapnia and hypocapnia. | Hypercapnia- Increase in PCo2 of arterial blood above normal range. Hypocapnia- Abnormally low PCo2. |
| Johnny is angry, so he tells his mom that he will hold his breath until he turns blue and dies. Explain whether this will likely happen. | No, when Johnny holds his breath, CO2 levels will increase and cause increased stimulation, forcing him to breathe again. |
| Name the several age-related factors that affect the respiratory system. | Arthritic changes, decreased flexibility at costal cartilages, decreased vital capacity, and some degree of emphysema. |
| Describe lung cancer. | Aggressive class of malignancies that affect the epithelial cells lining the conducting passageways, mucous glands, and alveoli. |
| Compare dysplasia, metaplasia, and anaplasia. |
Created by:
caylisrosson
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