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Lueken Bio Exam
10/20/22
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 functions of Carbohydrates | 1. C, H, O 2. store energy 3. structural support |
| Monosaccharides Ratio | Carbon- 1 Hydrogen- 2 Oxygen- 1 |
| Isomer | Same molecular formula, but different structural formula |
| Glucose | C6H12O6 |
| Disaccharides are | Combined by condensation reaction |
| Condensation Reaction process | chemical reaction when 2 molecules are combined to form a single molecule through the loss of water |
| Maltose | glucose+glucose |
| Lactose | glucose+galactose |
| Sucrose | glucose+fructose |
| Sucrose equation | (glucose+fructose)-H20 |
| Polysaccharides | Different structures=different functions |
| Proteins are composed of (elements) | 1. Carbon 2. Hydrogen 3. Oxygen 4. Nitrogen |
| Proteins are made of | amino acids (monomers) |
| 4 examples of proteins | 1. Hair 2. Skin 3. Horns 4. Muscles |
| Amino Acids | 1. monomers 4 basic types: 1. acidic 2. basic 3. polar 4. nonpolar |
| 11 essential Amino acids can't | Can't be synthesized by organism and must be supplied in its diet |
| 20 Amino Acids | 1. Glycine 2. Alanine 3. Valine 4. Leucine 5. Isoleucine 6. Methionine 7. Phenylalanine 8. Tryptophan 9. Proline 10. Serine 11. Threonine 12. Cysteine 13. Tyrosine 14. Asparagine 15. Glutamine 16. Aspartic acid 17. Glutamic acid 18. Lysin |
| Dipeptide | 1. 2 Amino Acids 2. Held together by a peptide covalent bond |
| Polypeptide | Many amino acids |
| Shape of proteins determined | by amino acid sequence |
| Shape of proteins affected | by 1. pH 2. temperature 3. chemicals (salts) |
| Primary structure | sequence of amino acids |
| Secondary structure | polypeptide twists or folds with Hydrogen bonds |
| Tertiary | forms many types of bonds |
| Bonds that form a polypeptide (3) | 1. Covalent 2. Ionic 3. Hydrogen bonds |
| Quaternary | 1. final functional structure 2. made of 2 or more polypeptide proteins |
| Enzymes | 1. Proteins or RNA 2. act as catalysts 3. specific to substrates 4. reusable |
| Enzyme functions | 1. speed up chemical reactions by reducing activation energy 2. change shape 3. act upon substances |
| Enzyme reactions | occur at active site |
| Amylases | digest carbs |
| Proteases | digest proteins |
| Lipases | digest fats |
| Papain | from papaya |
| Bromelain | from pineapple |
| O==C | Carboxyl function |
| Lipids | 1. large 2. nonpolar 3. dont dissolve in water 4. good fuel source 5. store 2x more energy then carbs |
| Most lipids | composed of fatty acids |
| Lipids are a good fuel source | Composed of many Carbon-Hydrogen bonds |
| Fatty Acids | composed of 2 parts |
| 2 parts of fatty acids | 1. head 2. tail |
| Head of fatty acids | 1. carboxyl group 2. polar 3. hydrophilic |
| Tail of fatty acids | 1. hydrocarbon 2. nonpolar 3. hydrophobic |
| Saturated fats | all Carbon atoms bonded to 4 atoms |
| Unsaturated fats | 1. carbon atoms bonded to less then 4 atoms 2. c=c 3. bends molecule |
| 3 classes of fatty acid lipids | 1. triglycerides 2. phospholipids 3. waxes |
| Triglycerides (fat) composed of | 1. 3 fatty acids 2. 1 glycerol |
| Unsaturated triglycerides | liquid at room temperature |
| Saturated triglycerides | 1. high melting point 2. solid at room temperature |
| Phospholipids composed of | 1. 2 fatty acids 2. 1 glycerol 3. 1 phosphate group |
| Phospholipids function | make up cell membranes |
| phospholipid cell membranes | Phospholipid bilayer |
| Waxes composed of | 1. 1 fatty acid 2. 1 alcohol |
| Waxes vs water | waterproof |
| Steroids composed of | 4 carbon rings |
| Steroids | component of all cell membranes and hormones |
| Nucleic acids function | store and transmit info |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid |
| Nucleotide structure | 3 main parts |
| 3 main parts of Nucleotides | 1. Phosphate 2. 5 carbon sugar 3. Nitrogen base |
| 5 carbon sugar in Nucleotides | deoxyribose sugar |
| Carbohydrates | sugar molecules |
| carbon bonding | 1. organic 2. inorganic |
| organic carbon bonding | 1 or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked |
| inorganic carbon bonding | 2 or more chemical elements are combined |
| 4 functional groups | 1. lipids 2. proteins 3. carbs 4. nucleic acids |
| Monomers | bond together to make polymers |
| Polymers | natural or synthetic substance composed of very long molecules |
| macromolecules | multiples of simpler chemical elements |
| condensation reaction | Dehydration synthesis |
| hydrolysis | chemical breakdown due to water |
| ATP | adenosine triphosphate |
| ATP process | transferring a phosphate group to another molecule |
| ATP transfer process | phosphorylation |
| phosphorylation | carried out by special enzymes that couple the release of energy from ATP to cellular activities that require energy. |
| cellular respiration | more carbon atoms there are in a molecule, the more energy that molecule can provide to the organism when it is used as food |
| 9 Nonpolar Amino Acids | 1. Glycine 2. Alanine 3. Valine 4. Leucine 5. Isoleucine 6. Methionine 7. Phenylalanine 8. Tryptophan 9. Proline |
| Nonpolar Amino Acids | 9 |
| 6 Polar Amino Acids | 1. Serine 2. Threonine 3. Cysteine 4. Tyrosine 5. Asparagine 6. Glutamine |
| Polar Amino Acids | 6 |
| 2 Acidic Amino Acids | 1. Aspartic acids 2. Glutamic acids |
| Acidic Amino Acids | 2 |
| 3 Basic Amino Acids | 1. Lysine 2. Arginine 3. Histidine |
| Basic Amino Acids | 3 |
Created by:
arabella_m_savannah
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