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external abdominal oblique
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263 CH23
263 EXAM 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| external abdominal oblique | outermost layer |
| internal abdominal oblique | middle layer |
| transverse abdominis | innermost layer |
| muscles protection internal organs | allows normal compression during coughing, sneezing, urination, defecation and childbirth |
| solid viscera | internal organs of the upper abdomen that are primarily solid in nature, liver, pancreas, spleen, adrenals and kidney |
| liver | largest organ in the body, below diaphragm in right upper quadrant |
| pancreas | endocrine gland and accessory organs of digestion |
| spleen | filters blood of cellular debris, digest microorganisms and return breakdown products to liver |
| enlarged spleen | lower tip extends down and toward midline |
| kidneys | filter and eliminate waste, secrete hormones |
| hollow viscera | stomach, small bowel, large bowel, rectum, gallbladder and bladder |
| stomach | store churn and digest food |
| gallbladder | concentrate and store bile needed to digest fat |
| small intestine | digestion and absorption of nutrients through mucosal projections its walls, longest portion of digestive tract, small diameter |
| large intestine | secrete alkaline mucus to lubricate intestine and neutralize acids formed by intestinal bacteria |
| visceral pain | hollow abdominal organs become distended or contract forcefully, capsules of spleen and liver are stretched, dull burning cramping colicky |
| parietal pain | parietal peritoneum becomes inflamed, appendicitis, peritonitis, sharp, severe, steady |
| peritonitis | distended abdomen, measure abdominal girth |
| acute pancreatitis | sudden onset, caused alcohol ingestion |
| pancreatic cancer | gradual/ recurrent |
| referred pain | not felt at pain source |
| pattern | timing and relationship |
| precipitates GERD pain | supine position |
| indigestion | heartburn, indicates acute or chronic gastric disorders |
| gastric disorders | hyperacidity, gastroesophageal reflux, peptic ulcer disease, stomach cancer |
| diarrhea | may be seen with food intolerances, infections and irritable bowel |
| nausea | may reflect gastric dysfunction |
| vomiting | neuromuscular and conscious impaired patients at risk for lung aspiration |
| older adult apetite | decline due to altered metabolism, decreased taste sensation, decreased mobility, possible depression |
| blood and mucoid stool | inflammatory bowel disease |
| clay colored, fatty stools | malabsorption syndromes |
| older adults fluid volume | risk for deficit; dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, higher fat to muscle ratio |
| older adults UTI | prone because of protective bacteria in the urinary tract declines with age |
| alcohol related disorders | gastritis, esophageal varices, pancreatitis, liver cirrhosis |
| exercise | promotes peristalsis and bowel movement |
| preparation for abdomen assessment | empty the bladder to eliminate bladder distention |
| purple discoloration | indicates bleeding in the abdomen wall |
| dilated veins | indicate cirrhosis of the liver, obstruction of inferior vena cava, ascites |
| spider angioma | dilated surface arterioles with central star |
| normal striae (stretch marks) | pink, blue |
| umbilicus | position, color (pink), midline at lateral line, contour (recessed, inverted, protruding) |
| aortic pulsation | slight pulsation of abdominal aorta, visible in epigastrium |
| bowel sounds | intermittent soft clicks, normal 5 - 35 |
| vascular sounds | bell of stethoscope, important to clients with hypertension, arterial insufficiency |
| not palpable | gallbladder, kidneys |
| childbearing women gastric motility | decreases lead to constipation, heartburn |
| older adult superficial capillaries | dilated, more visible in sunlight |
| ascites | significant abdominal swelling indicating fluid accumulation in abdominal cavity, pale taute skin, percussion dull over fluid, tympany over intestines |
| Cushing syndrome | dark bluish striae |
| keloids | excessive scar tissue, result from trauma or surgery |
| cullen's sign | bluish purple discoloration around umbilicus, indicates intra abdominal bleeding |
| grey turner sign | bluish or purple discoloration on the abdominal flanks |
| abdominal distention | everted umbilicus caused by fat, feces, fetus, fibroids, fluid |
| scaphoid | sunken abdomen (severe weightloss) |
| umbilical hernia | enlarged, everted umbilicus, bowel protruding |
| epigastric hernia | bowel protrudes through weakness in linea alba, bulge midline between the xiphoid process and umbilicus |
| diastasis recti | bowel protrudes through separation between two rectus abdominis muscles, appears when client raises head or coughs |
| incisional hernia | bowel protrudes through weakness resulting from surgical incision |
| fibroids | ovarian cysts or fibroid tumor appears as generalized distention in lower abdomen, displacing the bowel, percussion dull with tympany |
| abdominal distention below umbilicus | causes full bladder, uterine enlargement, ovarian cysts, impacted colon |
| flatus | abdomen distended with gas |
| hyperactive bowel | rapid mobility, heard in early bowel obstruction, gastroenteritis, diarrhea or laxative use |
| borborygmus | growling |
| hypoactive bowel | diminished bowel activity caused by paralytic ileus, inflamed peritoneum, late bowel obstruction |
| increase bowel pitch | obstruction signifies intestinal distention |
| heptomegaly | enlarged liver, suggests congestive heart failure, acute hepatitis or abcess |
| higher liver than normal | abdominal mass, ascites, paralyzed diaphragm |
| lower liver than normal | emphysema, diaphragm is low |
| splenomegaly | enlarged spleen, dullness greater than 7 cm wide, progression down toward midline, caused by traumatic injury, portal hypertension, mononucleosis |
| involuntary reflux guarding | peritoneal irritation, rigid abdomen |
| aortic aneurysm | prominent, laterally pulsating mass above the umbilicus, wide, bounding pulse |
| enlarged kidney | due to cyst, tumor, hydronephrosis |
| enlarged gallbladder | suggests acute cholecytisis, Murphy sign |
| murphy sign | sharp pain that causes client to hold their breath, caused by inflamed gallbaldder, acute cholecytisis |
| peptic ulcers | open sores that form the lining of the esophagus, stomach or small intestine when acid eats away the mucus lining |
| peptic ulcer S&S | abdominal pain, chest pain, fatigue, weight loss, black stool, committing (bloody) |
| gastric ulcer | stomach ulcer |
| GERD | stomach acid or contents flow back into esophagus, reflux irritates lining of esophagus |
| esophageal stricture | narrowing of esophagus |
| symptoms of GERD | hoarseness, laryngitis, dry cough, asthma, bad breath, earaches, chest pain |
| halitosis | bad breath |
| appendicitis | symptoms of RLQ, parietal pain, nausea, vomiting |
| psoas sign | pain in RLQ when leg is hyperextended caused by inflamed apendix |
| obturator sign | pain in RLQ when hip and knee are flexed and leg is rotated internally and externally |
| rovsing sign | pain in LLQ, caused by acute appendicitis |
| blumberg sign | abdominal pain when testing rebound tenderness between umbilicus and anterior iliac crest, caused by peritoneal irritation |
| assessing ascites | percuss flanks upward towards umbilicus |
| palpating spleen | lie on back, inhale and exhale |
| intestinal obstruction | high pitched bowel sounds |
| esophageal varices | client with alcoholism with cirrhosis |
| cirrhosis | jaundice, ascites, spider hemangiomas, dilated veins |
| abnormalities worsened with alcohol | pancreatitis, gastritis, cirrhosis |
| stomach functions | store, churn and digest |
| enlarged liver | heart failure |
| dyspepsia | chronic pain in upper abdomen |
Created by:
ahommel
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