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New Empires in the A
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Silk Road | An ancient trade route linking Asia with Europe.Extremely dangerous, long, and expensive to travel/trade along. |
| Marco Polo | Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China along the Solk Road. His travels are recorded in the "Travels of Marco Polo." |
| Johannes Guttenberg | Invented the printing press |
| Leif Eriksson | Norwegian Viking explorer, was the first European to explore the Americas. |
| Henry the Navigator | This Portuguese prince who lead an extensive effort to promote seafaring expertise in the 14th century. Sent many expedition to the coast of West Africa in the 15th century, leading Portugal to discover a route around Africa, ultimately to India. |
| Astrolabe | An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets |
| Sextant | Navigation tool that determines latitude and longitude |
| Caravels | ships that used triangular sails to sail against the wind, and had rudders to improve steering |
| Christopher Columbus | Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506) |
| Batholomeu Dias | Portuguese explorer that rounded the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa |
| Vasco da Gama | Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. |
| Line of Demarcation | boundary between Spanish and Portuguese territories in the New World |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal. |
| Doctrine of Discovery | the European colonial principle that the state that "discovered" or arrived first in a new territory had the right to occupy and administer it without interference from other states |
| Ferdinand Magellan | Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world. |
| Circumnavigate | to sail around the world |
| Columbian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. |
| Conquistadors (conquerors) | the early Spanish explorers of the new world |
| Hernan Cortes | Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547) |
| Moctezuma II | (1466-1520) Aztec ruler from 1502 to 1520; he was the emperor of the Aztecs when Cortés and his army conquered the empire. He was taken prisoner and killed during battle with the Spanish army. |
| Francisco Pizarro | Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541). |
| Juan Ponce de Leon (Spain) | Explored Florida looking for the Fountain of Youth |
| Hernando de Soto (Spain) | Explored SE United States and discovered the Mississippi River. |
| Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca (Spain) | Spanish explorer who explored what is now Texas in 1528 |
| Francisco Vasquez de Coronado (Spain) | Spanish explorer who heard stories about the Seven Cities of Gold and set out to find them...explored SW North America and the Grand Canyon (Colorado River) |
| Bartolome de Las Casas | Catholic priest who spoke out against mistreatment of Native Americans |
| Encomienda System | system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills. |
| Plantations | Huge farms that required a large labor force to grow crops |
| Protestant Reformation | A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. |
| Protestants | Reformers who protested some practices of the catholic church |
| Spanish Armada | "Invincible" group of ships sent by Spain to invade England in 1588; Armada was defeated by smaller, more maneuverable English "sea dogs" in the Channel; marked the beginning of English naval dominance and fall of Spanish dominance. |
| Northwest Passage | A water route between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans along the northern coast of North America |
| John Cabot (England) | Italian explorer who led the English expedition in 1497 that discovered the mainland of North America and explored the coast from Nova Scotia to Newfoundland (ca. 1450-1498)...looking for the Northwest Passage |
| Jacques Cartier (France) | French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557) |
| Giovanni da Verrazano (France) | An Italian explorer, who was sponsored by France, whose goal was to use the Northwest Passage to explore the Atlantic coast of North America. |
| Henry Hudson (Netherlands) | Explored east coast of North America and the Hudson River looking for the Northwest Passage. |
| Charter | A document that gives the holder the right to organize settlements in an area. |
| Sir Walter Raleigh (England) | An English adventurer and writer, who was sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony." |
| Lost Colony | The colony of Walter Raleigh, as well as the first venture to North America by the British on the Carolina Coast. The people disapperared |
| John White (England) | Roanoke's colony leader who returned to England for more food and tools--when he finally returned to Roanoke the colony had vanished--the only clue he found of Roanoke or the "Lost colony" was the native american tribes name "CROATAN" |
| Jacques Cartier (France) | Discovered the St. Lawrence River. Claimed Eastern Canada for France |
| Samuel de Champlain (France) | Established Quebec. First permanent French colony in America |
| Louis Joliet & Jacques Marquette (France) | The French claimed land in the Ohio River Valley, along the Mississippi River (Louisiana) and parts of modern day Canada. |
| Robert de La Salle (France) | Frenchman who followed the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming the region for France and naming it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV |
| Peter Minuit (Dutch) | Bought Manhattan from local Native Americans |
| Amerigo Vespucci (Spain) | A mapmaker and explorer who said that America was a new continent, so America was named after him. |
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