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URI Bio - Ch. 7-10
Bio 101 - Test study guide
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How is metabolism specific? | It is specific because enzymes only bind to substrate, only fuel molecules burn, enzymes only LOWER activation energy for molecules in reactions, metabolic pathways have many enzymes each of which catalyzes ONE reaction w. One substrate. |
| What role do enzymes play in cellular metabolism? | Catalyze the reactions of the Krebs Cycle |
| What is a catabolic Reaction? | Output of energy from breaking things down |
| What is Anabolic Reaction? | input of energy to build things up |
| What energy carrying molecules are involved in cellular respiration besides ATP? | NAD+, FAD+, NADP+ |
| How do organisms use energy? | Work in cells(reactions + movements), ATP has to be replaced, glucose, glycogen ect, broken down to make more ATP |
| What are the 3 stages of cellular respiration? | 1. Glycolosis 2. Krebs Cycle3. Electron Transport |
| Where does glycolysis occur in the cell? | Cytoplasm |
| Where does the Krebs Cycle occur in the cell? | Mitochondria |
| Where does the Electron Transport occur in the cell? | Mitochondria |
| Which phase of cellular respiration requires oxygen? | Aerobic reaction |
| What are the products of glycolysis? | 3 carbon pyruvate and 2 ATP |
| Describe the end products of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions? | When oxygen is limited pyruvate is converted to lactic acid rather than going on to the Kreb's cycle |
| WHat are the total inputs of the Kreb's cycle? | One 2 carbon compound (acetyl CoA)3 NAD+1FAD1 ADP + phosphate |
| What are the total outputs of the Kreb's Cycle? | 3 NADH1FADH21 ATP |
| What is the output of the Electron Cycle? | 32 ATP |
| What are the total inputs for the Krebs Cycle? | 3NAD+1FAD1ADP+p |
| In what form does energy enter the Glycolysis? | Glucose |
| In what form does energy enter the Electron Transport system? | Chemical energy in NADH + FADH2 |
| What is cellular respiration? | The metabolic pathway where cells harvest energy from metabolism of food molecules |
| True or False: During glycolysis glucose is split into two 3-carbon compounds and hyrdrogen is stripped from carbons. | True |
| In glycolysis if there is a lack of oxygen what is the fate of the pyruvate? | The pyruvate is converted to lactic acid rather than being passed on to the Krebs cycle |
| What form of energy enters the pathway in the Kreb's Cycle? | Chemical energy in the form of acetyl CoA |
| How many ATP total from metabolism of one molecule of glucose? | 36 ATP : 2 glycolysis, 2 Kreb's cycle and 32 from Electron transport system |
| In the Electron Transport System what is the enzyme that that protons pass through? | Mitochondrial ATP Synthase |
| What is photosynthesis? | The conversion of light energy to chemical energy |
| What are the two different reactions of Photosynthesis? | Light dependent:energy captures as ATP & NADPHLight Independent:Light not required, carbohydrates(glucose) assembled |
| Light is what form of radiation? | Electromagnetic |
| Green plants contain what type of pigment? | Chlorophyll |
| Where does photosynthesis occur? | organelles called chloroplasts |
| Describe the structure of a chloroplast? | Inner and outer membranes, a 3rd system of membranes called the thylakoids |
| What Inside the thylakoids is used to capture energy? | Pigments(chlorophyll), enzymes |
| What is the first stage of aerobic repiration, and what are the first three things that happen in it? | glycolysis- The molecule of glucose is degraded to 2 molecules of pyruvate. Then two molecules of ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. Lastly four hydrogen atoms are removed and used to produce NADH.It occurs in 9 full steps. |
| What is the second stage of aerobic respiration and what are the three things that happen in it? | Two pyruvate molecules lose a molecule of carbon dioxide. The remaining acetyl groups each combine with a coenzyme A producing 2 molecules of acetyl CoA. Last, 1 NADH is produced per pyruvate. |
| What is the third stage of aerobic respiration and what are the first two things that happen in it? | Acetyl CoA enters citric acid cycle by combining with four carbon compound oxaloacetate to form citrate (6 carbon compound). Two acetyl CoA enters the cycle per glucose molecule. For every two carbons that enter as a part of acetyl CoA two leave as CO2. |
| What are the second two things that happen in the third stage of aerobic respiration? | For every acetyl CoA, hydrogen atoms are transferred to 3NAD+ + 1FAD and one ATP is produced. |
| It is possible for cells to use only fuel molecules to obtain energy because:a)Fuel molecules are the only ones that contain energyB)The rest of the cell is too wet to allow combustionC) Enzymes involved in energy production are highly specific | C) Enzymes involved in energy production are highly specific |
| The role of NAD+ in cellular respiration is:A)Block the release of energy from glucose until the cell is preparedC)Transport hydrogen ions from fuel compounds to the electron transport system | C)Transport hydrogen ions from fuel compounds to the electron transport system |
| Before entering the Krebs cycle what happens to pyruvate? | It loses one of its 3 Carbon molecules as CO2 & it joins with Coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA |
| Cellular metabolism in general, functions to:A) convert energy stored in bonds of organic molecules to energy in ATPB) Harvest energy in glucose by combining large molecules of ATP | B) Harvest energy in glucose by combining large molecules of ATP |
| What is NOT formed During the Krebs cycle?A) ATP B) CO2 C)Pyruvate D) FADH2 | C)Pyruvate |
| NADH and FADH2 are important products of cellulare respiration because they are temporary carriers of most of the energy used to produre ATP. What stage are they formed in during cellular respiration? | The Krebs Cycle |
| What is the fourth stage of aerobic respiration and what happens in it? | electron transport chain- hydrogen atoms removed from fuel molecules + are transferred from one electron acceptor to another down and electron transport chain. located in mitochondrial inner membrane Also the electrons reduce molecular oxygen forming H2O |
| How many ATP is formed in each stage and how many are in total? | glycolysis-2 krebs cycle-2 electron transport- 32 total=36 |
| What happens in the three interphases in mitosis and meiosis? | 1.The first gap phase within the interphase stage of the cell cycle; G1 is when cells grow to mature size. 2. Synthesis phase during which DNA and other chromosomal constituents are synthesized. 3. G2 is the time when the cell prepares for division |
| The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and formation of NADH and CO2 takes place just prior to the entry of these molecules into what part of Glycolysis? | Electron Transport System |
| Chlorophyll and accessory photosynthetic pigments are associated with the:A) MitochondriaB) Plasma membranesC) Thylakoid membranesD) Ribosomes | C)Thylakoid membranes |
| During photosynthesis oxygen is formed by_____ stripping electrons from ______. | Chlorophyll/ water |
| During Mitosis what happens during the prophase? | During the prophase the chromosomes become visible as distinct structures, the nuclear envelopes breaks down, nucleolus disappears. Spindle forms between centrioles, which have moved to the poles of the cell. Kinetochores begin attaching to microtubules. |
| What happends in mitosis during the metaphase? | The spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes, which line up along the cells midplane. In mitosis all chromosomes line up on the midplane independantly. |
| What happens in mitosis in the anaphase? | The sister chromatids seperate at centromeres, and one group of sister chromatids move toward each pole and now the sister chromatids are called chromosomes. |
| What happens in mitosis in the telophase? | Chromosomes have arrived at poles and become decondensed. A nuclear envelope forms around each group chromosomes. Cytokinesis produces two daughter diploid cells. |
| What are the basics of meiosis? | -prouces haploid cells with unique gene combinations -a process in which one 2n(diploid) cell undergoes two succesive nuclear divisions, potentially producing four haploid cells -leads to the formation of gametes in animals and spores in plants |
| Which of the following are major processes that occur during the dark reactions of photosynthesis?A)Water is converted into hydrogen and oxygenB)A proton gradient is used to generate ATPC) CO2 is converted into sugar using ATP to do work | C) CO2 is converted into sugar using ATP to do work |
| Energy for assembling ATP (ATP +ADPi) in the electron transport system is directly fromLA) movement of protons across the inner mitochondrialB)Acceptance of hydrogen molecules by oxygenC) Enzymes in the outer mitochondrial membrane | A) movement of protons across the inner mitochondrial |
| During the electron Transport system in cellular respiration, electrons join protons and ___ to form___. | O2,H20 |
| The electron transport systems in photosynthesis | |
| What is the first stage of meiosis and what happends in that stage? | Prophase I- homologous chromosomes synapse, forming tetrads. Nuclear envelope breaks down. |
| What happens in the second stage of meiosis? | Metaphase I- Tetrads line up on cells midplane Tetrads held together at chiasmata (sites of prior crossing-over). |
| What happens in the third stage of meiosis? | Anaphase I- Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles. Note that the sister chromatids remain attached at their centromeres. |
| What happens in the fourth stage of meiosis? | One of each pair of homologous chromosomes is at each pole. Cytokinesis occurs, producing haploid cells. |
| What happens in the second stage of the prophase in meiosis? | Chromosomes condense again following a brief period of interkinesis. DNA does not replicate. |
| What happens in the second stage of metaphase in meiosis? | Chromosomes line up along cells midplane |
| What happens in the second stage of anaphase in meiosis? | Sister chromatids separate and sister chromatids (now called chromosomes) move to opposite planes. |
| What happends in the second stage of telophase in meiosis? | Nuclei formed at opposite poles of each cell. Cytokinesis occurs. Four haploid gametes (animal) or four haploid spores(plant) are produced. |
| Where are the sister chromatids connected? | The centromere |
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