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N370-03: Renal
Disease/Patho pt. 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) | Shows how well the kidneys are filtering out wastes and removes excess water (through making urine). |
| Regulation (of fluids, electrolytes, ABGs), removal (of wastes), hormonal (BP control and RBC production) | What are the three main functions of our kidneys? *review circles diagram* |
| Na, K, Phosphorus, Ca | Nephrons play a role in absorption, resorption, and reabsorption of the following electrolytes: _____, _______, _____, ______. (Regulation function) |
| Sodium; Potassium | Nephrons reabsorb ______ and waste _____. |
| Phosphorus; Calcium | ______ and _____ have an inverse relationship (when one is high, the other one is low and vice versa). |
| Urea | Kidneys are responsible for the removal of _____; was originally ammonia until broken down by the liver; byproduct of PROTEIN CATABOLISM. (Removal function) |
| Vitamin D | ______ is important to absorb and reabsorb calcium; lack thereof can cause osteoporosis. (Hormonal function) |
| Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System | Kidneys activate _____ where renin converts angiotensinogen into into angiotensin I (in the liver) -> cascade begins -> converted to angiotensin II (in the lungs) -> release of aldosterone and vasoconstricts (Hormonal function) |
| Erythropoietin (EPO) | ______ stimulates RBC production within the bone marrow; this is decreased with renal failure and leads to anemia. (Hormonal function) |
| Baroreceptors | ______ are vessels that detect a drop in BP. |
| True | T or F: when BP drops -> baroreceptors signal the activation of RENIN -> renin converts angiotensinogen to ANGIOTENSIN I -> angiotensin I (in the liver) is converted with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) to ANGIOTENSIN II (in the lungs) |
| False; angiotensin II | T or F: Angiotensin I is what causes sympathetic and aldosterone activity (reabsorption of sodium and wasting of potassium); plays a role in vasoconstriction and release of ADH (retains water) |
| ACE inhibitors (-pril); ARBS (-sartan) | _____ works against the ACE enzyme during the RAAS system; ____ is another RAAS inhibitor. |
| Vasoconstriction; vasodilation | _____ increases BP within vascular walls; _____ decreases BP within vascular walls. |
| Pre-renal, Intrarenal, Post-renal causes | What are 3 main causes of renal dysfunction? |
| Pre-renal | _____ is caused by anything that comes BEFORE the kidney - usually d/t hypoperfusion. |
| Pre-renal | _____ issues are caused by reduced ECV, CVD (pump failure) such as MI, HF, tamponade, dysrhythmia, shock states such as sepsis, anaphylaxis, hypovolemia, obstructed blood flow, thrombosis/stenosis. |
| Intra-renal | ______ is caused by anything that happens WITHIN the kidney unit itself. |
| Intra-renal | ______ issues are caused by ischemia and intracellular changes d/t low ECV i.e. nephritis, HIV nephropathy, transfusion reactions, DM, SLE DIC, glomerulonephritis, nephrotoxins i.e. CONTRAST MEDIA, ABX (vanco tox), and NSAIDS, trauma, & HTN (vessels d/o). |
| Contrast media (during CT scans) | ______ is the most common cause of hospital intrarenal damage. |
| Post-renal | ______ occurs AFTER the kidneys (ureters - bladder - urethra). |
| Post-renal | ______ issues are caused by stones (calculi), clots, tumors, BPH, swollen prostate leading to ureteral obstruction, bladder obstruction, and urethral obstruction -> will back-up to kidneys. |
| Renal insufficiency, Acute renal failure, Chronic renal failure, End-stage renal disease | What are the main types of kidney dysfunctions? |
| Renal insufficiency | ______ is a forewarning of impending kidney damage; reversible renal problem; functions continue; 75% nephron function lost; toxins accumulate; general s/sx; Cr <2; mild anemia |
| Acute renal failure | _____ is a forewarning of impending kidney damage but is already present; somehow reversible/stopped from progressing; body demands not met; Cr >5; oliguria to anuria; volume retention; HTN |
| Chronic renal failure | _____ irreversible stage and can only be managed (dialysis); body demands not met; Cr >5; oliguria to anuria; volume retention; HTN |
| End-stage renal disease | ______ irreversible stage and can only be managed (candidate for transplant if dialysis is not working); fails permanently; dialysis/transplant to sustain life; uremic syndrome; Cr >10; high Na, K, PO4, low Ca, acidosis |
| Receives 24% of perfusion; most sensitive to hypoperfusion and dec. cardiac output; poor UO -> poor renal perfusion -> good indicator that something's wrong with C.O. | What are some characteristics of the kidneys (stingy twins)? |
| Onset, Oliguric (very low UO -> fluid retention), Diuretic (very high UO -> good fluid loss), Recovery (inc GFR, dec BUN/Cr) | What are the phases of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)? |
| IV saline drips; mucomyst | ______ and ______ is the most effective pre-contrast media prophylaxis. |
Created by:
yortiz
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