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N370-03: Cardiac I
Disease/Patho pt. 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Endocarditis; IV drug use/dirty needles (tattoos, piercing, etc), infection from valve replacement surgery/surgery, dental visits/oral surgeries | ______ is the inflammation/infection of the INSIDE of the heart; this can be caused by 3 things -> _______, ______, ______ (always give prophylaxis ABX prior to dental procedures) |
| Chordae tendineae; low-grade fever | Endocarditis mainly affects the valves, walls, and ________; this differs from TB b/c we have ______ with TB and this is >102. |
| Pericarditis | ______ is an acute inflammation of the pericardium; usually caused by trauma, infections, uremia, post-MI, fluid (EFFUSION) build up in pericardial sac -> could be r/t to effusion, cardiac tamponade, or Afib |
| Pericardial effusion (usually r/t pericarditis) | ______ is the abnormal accumulation of fluid between pericardial linings -> could lead to pericardial tamponade. |
| Cardiac tamponade (usually r/t pericarditis) | _______ is pressure on the heart that occurs when blood or fluid builds up in the space between the heart muscle and the outer covering sac of the heart. |
| Myocarditis; necrosis | _______ is the infection/inflammation of the heart's MYOCARDIUM/muscles; usually leads to _____ (tissue death) and dec muscle function; may lead to HEART FAILURE; caused by bacteria/viruses, AUTO-IMMUNE or toxins |
| Cardiomyopathy; dilated (systolic/pumping dysf); hypertrophic (diastolic/filling dysf); restrictive (also diastolic dysf but rare) *can check photos* | _______ is an abnormally enlarged/thickened/stiffened heart muscle; usually d/t HTN, post-MI, viral infection, DM, connective tissue disorder or can be idiopathic; it has 3 types = _____, _____, _____. |
| Tricuspid -> Pulmonary (both on the right) -> Mitral -> Aortic (both on the left) ("Toilet Paper My A**") | What are the 4 heart valves? Put them in order. *Know where they are!* |
| Aortic - Pulmonic - Erb's point - Tricuspid -> Mitral ("APE To Man") | What are the 5 areas for listening to the heart? Put them in order. |
| Cardiac valve | _______ disorders affect the preload and afterload of the heart. |
| True | T or F: Regurgitation occurs when the aortic valve doesn't close properly (mostly congestion). Stenosis is a narrowing of the valve that restricts blood flow (mostly hypertrophy to b/c heart is trying to compensate) |
| Mitral & Aortic STENOSIS; mitral; aortic | ______ & _____ are the more serious kinds of cardiac valve disorders. _____ causes orthopnea, dyspnea, and PINK FROTHY SPUTUM while ______ causes SAD (syncope, angina, dyspnea) |
| Heart failure; left; right; high output or low output, forward or backward failure, systolic or diastolic problems | _______ is an abnormal clinical syndrome that involved inadequate pumping/filling of the heart resulting in impaired C.O; usually _____ sided happens first and it progresses to ______ sided; there are several types of failures/etiologies (list em) |
| Chemoreceptos; baroreceptors | ______ senses changes in O2 & CO2 in the blood which signals the brain to inc or dec HR and RR; while ______ senses pressure changes in the vessels and signals vasoconstriction or vasodilation |
| OK | *Try to memorize cardiac values from Monique's SI notes* |
| HR, SV, preload, afterload, contractility | What factors contribute to HF? (Think C.O. formula) |
| Systolic; pumping; <40% | _______ HF is now referred to as HF with REDUCED ejection fraction when it CONTRACTS; it's a ______ problem often d/t MI or DILATED cardiomyopathy; EF is < __% |
| Diastolic; filling; >50% (normal) | _______ HF is now referred to as HF with PRESERVED ejection fraction when it RELAXES; it's a ______ problem often d/t HYPERTROPHIC cardiomyopathy or hypertensive cardiomyopathy; EF is > __% |
| SURE | *Know anatomy of the heart* |
| Preload; Afterload | ______ is the amount of blood that fills the heart BEFORE ejection; while ______ is the RESISTANCE in the blood vessels that the heart pumps against (constricted BV = high AL; dilated BV = low AL) |
| RAAS; aldosterone; ADH | B/c of the ______ system, angiotensin II causes SNS activity that releases catecholamines and _____ (reabsorbs Na & water follows) -> reabsorbs Na & water -> + release of ___ (affects water only) |
| RAAS *check table* | Vasoconstriction, inc SNS activity -> inc aldosterone -> sodium (& fluid) retention, inc cellular growth are outcomes of _______. |
| Natriuretic Peptide System (NPS); BNP (should be <100) | ______ helps lessen the heart's workload b/c it promotes EXCRETION of sodium (inhibits RAAS and aldosterone) -> water follows; ____ plays a role in compensating and tells us how stretched out the ventricles are (inc value = inc vent workload r/t HF) |
| Natriuretic Peptide System (NPS) *check table* | Vasodilation, inhibition of RAAS -> inhibition of SNS -> dec aldosterone -> sodium excretion (& water follows), antiproliferation of smooth muscles and dec BNP are outcomes of ______. |
| IV | How many functional classifications does HF have? |
| Fluid overload - wet profile (dec activity tolerance, S3/S4, dyspnea on exertion, nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea, nocturia, edema/weight gain, cough worsens at night d/t orthopnea, N/V/A, RUQ pain d/t hepatomegaly); Low cardiac output - dry profile | _______ is the most common cause of HF hospitalizations compared to ______. |
| Third spacing; RAAS; NPS (BNP* & ANP inc to excrete sodium & water follows) | ________ = dec oncotic pressure within the intravascular space d/t lack of albumin from an enlarged liver caused by R HF, and hydrostatic pressure is inc. -> will cause _____ activation d/t low ECV to kidneys -> worsens HF -> _____ compensates |
| 1+ (2mm), 2+ (4mm), 3+ (6mm), 4+ (8mm) | Grading edema *multiply score by 2 for the mm measurement* |
| Pulmonary edema; PINK FROTHY SPUTUM | _______ is caused by lack of forward flow so it backs up to the lungs d/t L HF -> causes _______!!! |
| Neprilysin | ______ is an enzyme that contributes to the breakdown of BNP; we WANT BNP so we take Entresto to inhibit this enzyme for our HF and HTN pts. |
Created by:
yortiz
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