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CCC Feeding Difficul
CCC Pediatric Feeding Difficulties
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Regurgitation | return of undigesed food from the stomach usually accompanied by burping, can be reduced by frequent burping during and after feeding, minimun handling, position child on right side, elevated head |
| Spitting Up | dribbling of unswallowed formula or breast milk from the infant's mouth immediately after feeding, managed with use of bib or burp cloth |
| Colic | paroxysmal abdominal pain, manifests by loud crying and drawing the legs up to the abdomen, cries more than 3 hours, more than 3 days per week and parental dissatisfaction with child's behavior, infant usually thrives |
| Incidence of Colic | Occurs 5-30% of all infants, no affinity to gender, race, or socioeconomic status. More common in infants less than 3 months with difficult temperment. |
| Theories of causes of colic | too rapid feeding, swallowing excessive air, improper feeding technique, emotional stress between parent and child, cow's milk allergy |
| Treatment of colic | no single treatment for every child |
| Nursing care | asses: diet of breastfeeding mom; crying associated with feeding time; presence of specific people and their habits; activity of feeder before, during, after feeding; duration/intensity of crying; what is used to relieve crying/effectiveness |
| Most important intervention in nursing care of colic | reassure parents they are doing nothing wrong and infant is not experiencing lanstin physical or emotional harm. |
| Failure to Thrive (FTT) or Growth Failure | a sign of inadequate growth resulting from inability to obtain or use calories required for growth. Less than 5th percentile. |
| Factors for Inadequate Caloric Intake | incorrect food prep, neglect, food fads, too much juice, poverty, behavior problems, CNS problems |
| Factors for Inadequate Absorption | cystic fibrosis, celiac disease, vitamin or mineral deficiencies, bilary atresia, hepatic disease |
| Factors for Increased Metabolism | hypothyroidism, CHD, chronic immunodeficiency |
| Factors for Defective Utilization | genetic anomolies, family stress, insufficient breast milk |
| Therapeutic Management of FTT | reverse the cause of growth failure, provide sufficient calories to support "catch up" growth; family therapy may be required |
| Hunger | malnutrition; major health problem in the world today especially in third world countries. |
| Protein-Energy Malnutrition | result of disease process, food fads, lack of understanding of infant nutrition, improper food preparation, economic/political factors, parent illiteracy, climate, culture/religion, lack of adequate food |
| Kwashiorkor | deficiency of protein with an inadequate supply of calories |
| When does Kwashiorkor develop? | 1-4 years |
| S/S of Kwashiorkor | thin-wasted extremeties; prominent acites of abdomen; severe muscular atrophy; scaly, dry skin w/depigmentation; permanent blindness; alopecia; diarrhea; impaired growth; anemia, results in death |
| Marasmus | general malnutrition of both calories and protein, common in under-developed countries. a syndrome of physical/emotional deprivation during time of drought, especially in cultures where adults eat first. |
| S/S of Marasmus | FTT/anorexia, child looks old, fretful, apathetic, withdrawn, lethargic, develops debilitating disease or parasitic infections. |
| Three goals of therapeutic management of malnutrition | rehydration; antibiotics/antidiarrheals; provision of adequate nutrition |
| Nursing Care Management of Protein-Calorie Malnutrition | meet physiologic needs; provide hygiene; provide developmental stimulation; provide emotional support |
| Food Sensitivity | any type of adverse reaction to food or additives |
| Two categories of food sensitivity | food allergy or hypersensitivity; food intolerance |
| food allergy or hypersensitivity | reactions involving immunologic mechanisms, usually immune globulin, immediate or delayed amd mild or severe |
| food intolerance | reactions involving known or unknown nonimmunology mechanisms, adverse response to food |
| Primary strategy for avoiding infant food allergies | breastfeeding; avoid dairy til 12m |
| Cow's Milk Allergy (CMA) | multifaceted disorder representing adverse systemic and local GI reactions to cow's milk protein |
| Diagnosing CMA | stool analysis; serum IgE; skin prick or scratch test; radio allergasorbent test |
Created by:
RJost
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