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APHG. U4 "Political"
AP Human Geography Unit #4 "Political."
| Term | Relative Info |
|---|---|
| African Union (AU) | The African Union (AU) is an organization composed of all 55 member states that make up the African continent. It was officially launched in 2002 as the successor of the Organization of African Unity (OAU, 1963-1999). |
| What is the goal of the African Union (AU)? | The AU aims to protect the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of the countries in Africa. Furthermore, it promotes economic development for the growth of Africa as a whole. |
| Antecedent Boundary | Antecedent boundaries are drawn across an area before it is well populated, or, before most of the cultural landscape features were put in place. Ex. the land separating the United States and Canada,, the Missouri River in North Dakota. |
| Apartheid | Apartheid was a political and social system in South Africa during the era of White minority rule. It enforced racial discrimination against non-Whites, mainly focused on skin color and facial features. |
| What are two main consequences of the apartheid system in Africa? | Racism is still prevalent in present-day South Africa, along with the other consequences of the large generation of maladjusted children. This includes numerous psychological disorders, primarily due to conflicts, discrimination, and poverty. |
| Arctic Council | The leading intergovernmental forum promoting cooperation, coordination and interaction among the Arctic States, Arctic indigenous communities and other Arctic inhabitants on common Arctic issues. |
| Who is in the Arctic Council? What is their purpose? | The Arctic Council includes the United States, Russia, Sweden, Norway Iceland, Finland, Denmark, and Canada. The Arctic Council promotes coordination, cooperation, and peaceful interaction among all in the Arctic region. |
| [cont.] Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) | ASEAN was established on 8 August 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration). |
| [cont.] Who is in ASEAN? What is their purpose? | The members of ASEAN are Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malasia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam. |
| Autonomous Region | An autonomous region is an area of a country that has a degree of autonomy, or has freedom from an external authority. It is typical for it to be geographically distant from the country, or to be populated by a national minority. Ex. Greenland |
| Choke Point | A geographical feature on land such as a valley, defile or a bridge or at sea such as a strait, which an armed force is forced to pass, sometimes on a substantially narrower front and therefore greatly decreasing its combat power, to reach its objective. |
| What are some examples of choke points? | a. The Bering Strait (United States & Russia) b. Strait of Hormuz (Persian Gulf & Gulf of Oman) c. Strait of Gibraltar (Mediterranean Sea & Atlantic Ocean) d. Bosporus and Dardanelles (Multiple straits leading to Turkey) |
| Colonialism | The attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory. Ex. the Philippines,, Guam,, and Panama Canal Zone |
| When did the majority of the world's colonies gain their independence? Explain the impact that British colonialism has had on its former colonies. | A majority of the world's colonies gained their independence between 1945 and 1960. Britain pushed their political, cultural, and economic principles onto the lands that they colonized. They also eradicated many local languages and practices. |
| Consequent Boundary | Consequent boundaries are culturally defined political boundaries, such as those determined by the spatial patterns of religion or language. Ex. Boundaries between former Yugoslavia, former Czechoslovakia, and current Nunavut and Quebec. |
| Decolonization | Decolonization is the acquisition, by colonized peoples, of control over their own territory. |
| When did most African countries receive their independence? | Most African countries received their independence in the mid-to-late 1950's. |
| Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) | A demilitarized zone is an area in which treaties or agreements between nations, military powers or contending groups forbid military installations, activities or personnel. |
| What is the DMZ in Korea? Describe the DMZ in Korea. | The DMZ in Korea is a line that separates the North and the South. It is heavily guarded by the North side, and is often described as "one of the scariest places on Earth" by tourists. |
| Democratization | Democratization is the transition to a more democratic political regime, including substantive political changes moving in a democratic direction. One main cause of democratization in a country is economic development. |
| Devolution | Devolution is the transfer or delegation of power to a lower level, especially by central government to local or regional administration. |
| How is Nunavut an example of devolution? | Beginning in the 1960's, the federal government of Canada has gradually been transferring responsibilities to territorial governments in Nunavut. |
| Enclave | An enclave is a portion of territory within or surrounded by a larger territory whose inhabitants are culturally or ethnically distinct. Ex. Hopi Reservation inside the Navajo Nation |
| Exclave | An exclave is strip of land that belongs to an entity (like a country or a region) but that is not connected to it by land (islands are not counted). Ex. Alaska of the United States |
| Ethnic Cleansing | Ethnic cleansing is the systematic forced removal of ethnic, racial and/or religious groups from a given territory by a more powerful ethnic group, often with the intent of making it ethnically homogeneous. Ex. Jews in Germany,, Rohingyas in Myanmar |
| European Union (EU) | The European Union is a political and economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. The purpose of the EU is to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital within the European Union. |
| Federal State | A federal state, also known as a federation, is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing provinces, states, or other regions under a central federal government. Ex. Australia,, Canada,, Mexico,, Germany,, India,, the US |
| Geometric Boundary | Geometric boundaries are formed by arcs or straight lines irrespective of the physical and cultural features of the land it passes through. Ex. 49th Parallel,, the line between Mexico and Guatemala,, the line between Canada and the US |
| Gerrymandering | Gerrymandering is the practice intended to establish a political advantage for a particular party or group by manipulating district boundaries. |
| Imperialism | Imperialism involves a policy or ideology of extending a country's rule over foreign nations, often by military force or by gaining political and economic control of other areas. |
| International Waters | International waters are located outside any nation's territorial waters. Ultimately all waters that are at least 200 nautical miles away from the nearest land. |
| Irredentism | Irredentism is the assertion by the government of a country that has a minority living outside its formal borders belongs to it historically and culturally. Ex. Crimea and Albania |
| Multinational State | Multinational states are sovereign states that comprises two or more nations or states. Ex. Ghana,, Kenya,, Nigeria,, South Africa,, Bolivia,, Former USSR |
| Multi-State Nations | Multi-State nations are nations that operate more than one state within its borders. Ex. (North and South) Korea,, Germany |
| Nation | A nation is a culturally distinctive group of people occupying a specific territory and bound together by a sense of unity arising from shared ethnicity, beliefs, and customs. Ex. Basques,, Scots,, Norwegians,, Palestinians,, Hmong Chinese,, the Kurds |
| Nation-State | A nation-state is a state in which the great majority shares the same culture and are conscious of it. The nation state is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. Ex. Iceland,, Ireland,, Tunisia,, Sweden,, Greece,, Japan |
| Neocolonialism | Neocolonialism is the practice of using capitalism, globalization and cultural imperialism to influence a developing country instead of the previous colonial methods of direct military control or indirect political control. |
| What is an example of neocolonialism? | France accounts for over a quarter of Algerian trade, while Algeria accounts for less than 1% of France's trade, which depicts a form of economic control. |
| [cont.] North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) | NATO is an international alliance that consists of 30 member states from North America and Europe. It was established at the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on April 4, 1949. |
| What is the purpose of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)? | NATO's purpose involves the economic security and good relations between its encapsulated countries. Furthermore, it guarantees the freedom of its member states through political and military means. |
| Reapportionment | Reapportionment is the process of allocation electoral seats to geographical areas. For example, the reapportionment due to the 2010 Census change in the US electoral map led to less seats in the South and West and more seats in the North and East. |
| Redistricting | Redistricting is the process of drawing electoral district boundaries in the United States. State legislatures and advisory committees are responsible for drawing congressional districts in most US states. |
| Relic Boundary | Relic boundaries are former boundary lines that no longer function as such, yet are still marked by some landscape features or differences on the two sides. Ex. the divisions between West and East Germany,, West and East Berlin,, and Ireland |
| Satellite State | A satellite state is a country which is formally independent but which is primarily subject to the domination of another, larger power. Many former communist countries in Europe were satellite states to the Soviet Union. |
| Self-Determination | The process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government. Ex. Puerto Rico |
| Shatter Belt | A zone of great cultural complexity containing many small cultural groups. |
| Sovereignty | The right of individual states to control political and economic affairs within their territorial boundaries without external interference. |
| State | A centralized authority that enforces a single political, economic, and legal system within its territorial boundaries. Often synonymous with the term "country." Ex. The United States is a "state" but is not a "nation" or a "nation-state." |
| Stateless Nation | An ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state and is not the majority population in any nation state. Ex. The Kurds, Hmong Chinese, Basque people, and people of Palestine. |
| Subsequent Boundary | A boundary drawn after the development of a place's cultural landscape. Ex. Northern Ireland and Ireland,, India and Pakistan |
| Suffrage | The right to vote in public, political elections. Ex. New Zealand, Europe, and North America were the first to allow women to vote (1906-1946.) Central and South America followed suit (1929-1961.) Then followed SE Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. |
| Supranationalism | Occurs when states willingly relinquish some degree of sovereignty in order to gain the benefits of belonging to a larger political-economic entity. Ex. The United Nations,, NATO,, European Union,, Arctic Council |
| Territoriality | An individual or group attempt to identify and establish control over a clearly defined territory considered partially or wholly an exclusive domain; the behavior associated with the defense of the home territory. Ex. Russia-Ukraine War/Invasion |
| Terrorism | The unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in pursuit of political aims. |
| Theocracy | A government guided by religion. Ex. Vatican City and the Pope |
| Unitary State | A unitary state has a central government that dictates the degree of local or regional autonomy and the nature of local governmental units. It often has few cultural conflicts and a strong sense of national identity. Ex. China,, Japan,, North Korea |
| The United Nations (UN) | An intergovernmental organization, with 153 members, responsible for maintaining international peace and security, ensuring friendly relations among nations, achieving international cooperation, and being a center for harmonizing the actions of nations. |
| United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) | UNCLOS is the international agreement that resulted from the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, which took place between 1973 and 1982. |
| Superimposed Boundary | A boundary that is forced onto a place by an outside force, often a treaty. It may not reflect the existing cultural landscaoe. Ex. Most African Countries |
| Centripetal Forces | Brings people together and toward a place. Ex. Strong Centralized Government,, Religious Diversity,, Diverse Ethnic Populus,, and Developed Infrastructure. Also,, Germany since the 1990's and Japan since the 1960's. |
| Centrifugal Forces | Steer people away and push them apart. Ex. Rugged Landscape/Topography,, Weak Government,, Economic Crisis,, Political Uprisings. Also,, Korea in the 1950's,, Vietnam in the 1970's,, Cyprus in the 1970's,, Czechoslovakia in 1993,, Caucausus in 1990's. |
| City State | A city with its surrounding area that forms an independent state. Ex. Vatican City and Monaco |
| Why were Korea and Vietnam viewed as shatterbelts during the Cold War? | e. Korea and Vietnam experienced conflict due to a dispute between global powers. |
| Which of the following describes typical characteristics of federal states? | e. A large land area and multiple ethnic groups. |
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