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243 FINAL

243 EXAM 4

Term	Definition
secondary spinal cord injury	progressive damage due to compromised blood flow
tetraplegia	cervical segment, all four limbs impaired
paraplegia	thoracic, sacral, lumbar segment, 2 limbs impaired
complications of spinal cord injury	bowel and bladder dysfunction, temperature regulation, DVT, dependent edema, skin integrity
autonomic dysreflexia	T6 injury, hypertension, full bladder or pain
autonomic dysreflexia lower extremities	goosebumps, cool, pale, moist
autonomic dysreflexia upper extremities	flushed, slow heart rate
decerebrate	rigidity, palms outward
decorticate	internal rotation
brain death	loss of function, absence of reflexes, respirations
persistent vegetative state	lost cognitive function, spontaneous eye opening, no comprehension
encephalitis	inflammation of the brain leads to local hemorrhage and cerebral edema
status epilepticus	constant seizures
psychogenic seizures	no activity on EEG, manifestations head shaking, closed eyes
gastric ulcer manifestation	epigastric pain after food ingestion, nausea, vomiting
reparative stage bone healing	callus formation replaces blood clot
risk factor for osteoarthritis	women, age
osteoarthritis	degenerative joint disease, wear and tear, erosion of articular cartilage, asymmetrical
symptoms of SLE	arthralgia, arthritis, proteinuria
systemic lupus erythematosus	B cell hyperactivity, immune complex forms and activates leading to lupus vasculitis
diagnosis SLE	antinuclear antibodies ANA, anti DNA, ESR, C reactive protein
rheumatoid arthritis	inflammation in synovial spaces, destructive granulation tissue fill joint spaces
rheumatoid arthritis manifestations	symmetrical, aching, pain, instability
impetigo	superficial bacterial infection, serous liquid hardens
bullous impetigo	staph aureus, eruption and coalesce
cellulitis	dermis and subcutaneous, expanding red, swollen, tender
type 1 herpes	oropharyngeal infections, respiratory droplets
type 2 herpes	genital herpes
angioedema	swelling of tongue and upper airways
diverticulitis	herniation of tissue of the large intestine through muscular layer of colon
diverticulitis pain	left lower quadrant, nausea and vomiting
Cushing triad	intracranial pressure manifestation of increased arterial pressure, widen pulse pressure, decreased pulse
macro vascular diabetic complications	coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease
strain	stretch, mechanical overload of muscle
sprain	ligament can be torn or ruptured
malunion	healing with deformity
fracture blister	epidermal necrosis
compartment syndrome	increased pressure, compromises circulation
erythema multiforme minor	ring like erythematous macules and blisters
steven johnson syndrome	ulceration of mucus membrane and skin
ALS	upper and lower motor neurons progressively destroyed, weakness, dysphagia, dysarthraia
ischemic stroke	blot clot clogs blood vessel in brain
ischemic thrombosis	blood clot forms in artery leading to brain, aphasia, neglect, vision problems
embolic ischemia	traveling clot to brain
ischemic penumbra	area of infarct surrounded by ischemia, can be restored
hemorrhagic stroke	blood vessel bursts in brain
myasthenia gravis	attack on acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junction leads to muscle weakness
type 1 diabetes	pancreatic beta cells destroyed by the body, insufficient insulin
type 1 manifestations	polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, weakness, ketosis
type 2 diabetes	insulin resistance, common with metabolic syndrome, gradual, visual problems
gestational diabetes	impaired glucose regulation during pregnancy
glycogenolysis	breakdown of glycogen to glucose
glucagon	stimulates conversion to glucose
gluconeogenesis	synthesis of glucose from amino acids, glycerol and lactic acid
diabetic ketoacidosis	fruity breath, Kussamul, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, hyperglycemia
hyperglycemic hyper-osmotic state	glucose > 600, dehydration, neurological symptoms, coma, type 2
A1C	average blood sugar over months, 4-6%
multiple sclerosis	inflammation, demyelination of myelin sheaths exposes nerve fibers, plaque formation, sclerosis
early multiple sclerosis	myelin sheath damage, able to regenerate
late multiple sclerosis	myelin destroyed, nerve fiber damage, permanent loss of function
impetigo	bacterial infection of skin
hormone resistance	impaired response, absent, defective binding and cellular receptor defects
cushing syndrome	excess cortisol secretion leads to osteoporosis, muscle wasting, hirsutism
addison disease	destruction of the adrenal gland and glucocorticoid insufficiency, weight loss, fluid imbalance, myalgia, arthralgia
jaundice	unconjugated bilirubin
prehepatic bilirubin	sickle cell anemia, transfusion reaction
cholecystisis	inflammation of the gallbladder due to gallstones, constant RUQ pain, radiating to shoulder
cholelithiasis	gallstones
choledolithiasis	stones in common bile duct, backup of flow
cholangitis	inflammation of common bile duct
pancreas	insulin and glucose regulation, releases enzymes
oral glucose tolerance	gestational diabetes diagnostic, thick sugar syrup
fasting blood glucose	8 hours no eating, concentration of glucose
polydipsia	due to excretion, thirst
polyphagia	hunger, cells starving, weight loss, fatigue
hypoglycemia	use too much insulin, fasting or exercise, neurological symptoms, lethargic, restlessness, anxiety, less sugar to the brain
somogyi effect	midnight hypoglycemia stimulates counter regulatory response to cause a hyperglycemia in morning
dawn phenomenon	normal sugar through the night, hormone release in morning causes hyperglycemia
microvascular complication	nephropathies, neuropathies, retinopathies
pituitary	secretes hormones that talk to other glands
ACTH	adrenal gland; aldosterone and cortisol
cortisol	metabolism, antiinflammatory
growth hormone deficiency adults	atherosclerosis
hyperthyroidism	sweating, nervous, weight loss, heat intolerance, diarrhea, bulging eyes
thyroid storm	extreme surge of thyroid hormone, high fever, tachycardia, diarrhea, delirium
grave's disease	autoimmune dysfunction of thyroid, goiter, exopthalamus
hypothyroidism	low TSH, hypo metabolic state, cold intolerance, weight gain, constipation, myexedema
parkinson's disease	degeneration of dopamine producing neurons in the substantia nigra, tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, dementia
ALS	affects motor function, sensory and intellect still intact
rubella	german measles, togavirus, macular and punctuate rash
rubeola	koplick spots, 7 day measles, blotchy spreads to appendages from face
lyme disease rash	erythema migrans (bullseye)
hyperkeratosis	increased epidermal cell turnover, thickening of skin
oculocephalic response	doll's eyes, opposite movement when head is moved
oculovestibular reflex	water in eye causes nystagmus
monroe kellie hypothesis	increases in volume in one compartment can be compensated for by decreased volume in another
brain	10% blood, 10% CSF, 80% brain tissue
cardiac stroke risk factors	strial fibrilation, myocardial infarction, heart failure
stroke speech	broca's area, difficulty speaking and understanding
glucocorticoids	anti-inflammatory, essential for stress situations
primary adrenal cortical insufficiency	increase in ACTH because negative feedback not working
secondary adrenal insufficiency	result of hypopituitarism
acute adrenal crisis	life threatening situation impairs adrenal cortex
hyperkalemia	aldosterone not produced, imbalanced sodium and potassium
Addison disease manifestations	myalgia, arthralgia, nausea, diarrhea, hyperpigmentation, hypoglycemia
inflammatory bowel disease	autoimmune systemic manifestations, inflamed bowel
crohn's disease	cobblestone lesions in all layers of intestinal wall, fistulas, malabsorption
ulcerative colitis	ulcerative lesions in rectum and colon, in mucosal layer, blood diarrhea
achalasia	esophageal motility disorder in lower 2/3 of esophagus
acute gastritis cause	NSAID use, bacteria, alcohol and stress
gastritis	atrophy of glandular epithelium mucosa
chronic gastritis type a	autoimmune, pernicious anemia, neurological symptoms
chronic gastritis type b	h pylori, inflammation interferes with protection against acid
meningitis signs	kernig and brudinski
kernig sign	extended legs, stiffness
brudinski	neck flexed, knees bend
c dif	hospital acquired infection, overuse of antibiotics, inflamed colon, overgrowth of bacteria, bloody stool
predispositions to infection	diabetics, antibiotics, contraceptives, nutrition
low levels of cortisol	impaired immune response and inflammatory response
bile	aids in digestion of fat soluble vitamins, released from gallbladder, contains bilirubin
hiatal hernia	diaphragmatic hernia allows portion of stomach to rise through diaphragm into thorax
complications of GERD	esophageal erosion, barrets esophagus
gastritis manifestations	pain, emesis, ulceration
ulcer complications	hemorrhage, obstruction, perforation, penetration
diabetic organs risk	kidneys and eyes
ecythma	ulcerative impetigo
rubeola	7 day measles, koplik spots on buccal mucosa
convulsion	motor seizure involving the whole body
epilepsy	spontaneous recurring seizures
seizure	alteration in cell permeability and ion distribution
motor generalized seizure	involuntary movement during seizure
rubella manifestations	enlarged cervical and post auricular lymph nodes
stages of varicella	macule, vesicle, granular scab

Created by: ahommel

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