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Grade 9: Biology
Its Grade 9 biology, what did you expect?
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| "Eco" means what in Greek? | Greek word for "home" |
| What is an ecosystem? | An ecosystem is a group of living organisms with natural homes that interact with each other and the environment |
| What is a population? | Population = same species living in an area |
| What is a community? | Community = multiple populations in an area |
| What is a sustainable ecosystem? What are pressures that can be put on it? | A sustainable ecosystem is an ecosystem that can take on the pressure put upon it and have many species living in it |
| What is a habitat? What are the 2 types of habitats? | A habitat can be terrestrial or aquatic, it is the natural home of an organism |
| What is biodiversity? | Biodiversity is a variety of organisms in a habitat |
| What are the levels of organization? | Organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere |
| What is a biome? | A biome is an ecosystem based on climate |
| What is the biosphere? | Biosphere = all biomes on Earth interacting with the Earth’s air, land, and water |
| What are the 3 parts of the biosphere? | Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere (land, water, air) |
| Who conceived the biosphere term? | Biosphere was conceived in 1875 by Eduard Suess |
| What is the lithosphere? What does it consist of? | The lithosphere is the Earth’s outer layer made up of the crust and upper mantle, which include rocks, soil, and minerals |
| Why is the lithosphere important? | Necessary for: Soil fertility, waste disposal, underground water supply, farming, ecotourism, fossil fuel formation, land development, water and nutrient absorption, stone and mineral formations |
| What is the Hydrosphere? | The hydrosphere is water in and surrounding the Earth |
| What does the Hydrosphere include? What are some facts about it? | it includes humans, plants, and animals, it can be under the lithosphere, ~¾ of the Earth’s surface (liquid and solid), and can be water vapour |
| What is the atmosphere? How long does it go for? | The atmosphere is the layer of gasses in earth's gravity, extends up to 10 000 km above the surface level |
| What gases is the atmosphere made of? | 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, 1% Argon & Others |
| What are the layers of the atmosphere? What height are they located at? | Exosphere (600 km and up), Ionosphere, Thermosphere (300 km), Mesosphere (50 km), Stratosphere (40 km), Troposphere (10 km) (high to low) |
| What is an interesting fact about the exosphere? | The exosphere has most artificial satellites |
| What is an interesting fact about the ionosphere? | The ionosphere has ions which help with communication |
| What is an interesting fact about the thermosphere? | The thermosphere is the beginning of space, with temperatures up to 1,500 C |
| What is an interesting fact about the mesosphere? | The mesosphere protects us from meteors, which burn up here |
| What is an interesting fact about the stratosphere? | The stratosphere contains the ozone layer, which protects us from UV |
| What is an interesting fact about the troposphere? | The troposphere has 75% of our air and 99% of our water |
| What is the Gaia Hypothesis? What is another name for it? | Named after the Greek goddess of the Earth, through interactions among its 4 layers that support life, like a living organism, suggested the Earth could respond to changes in its environment and maintain consistency; another name is Gaia Theory |
| Who proposed and when was the Giga Hypothesis proposed? | Proposed by James Lovelock in 1960's |
| Why was the theory not widely accepted ? | The theory was way too religious sounding and could not be proved |
| Why is the Gaia Theory still talked about and learned? | Many people feel that thinking of the Earth as a living being can be helpful for a more caring attitude toward our planet, we have a responsibility toward stewardship |
| The source of energy for most organisms is what? | Radiant energy |
| Most radiant energy comes from? | The sun |
| What is the most visible radiant energy? What are the 3 invisible radiant energies? | Visible radiant energy: - light energy Invisible radiant energy: - ultraviolet light - infrared light - x-rays |
| What percentage of radiant energy is reflected in the clouds? What percentage isn't? Go further into detail about the light that is not reflected | 30% is reflected into the clouds, 70% isn't; of the 70%, a further 19% is absorbed by the atmosphere, 51% is absorbed by land |
| Can you fill in the blanks? "Light energy can not be _____________, it must be converted into _____________." | Light energy can not be stored by living organisms, it must be converted into chemical energy |
| What percentage of radiant energy is brought into photosynthesis? | 0.023% is taken |
| What is the reaction of photosynthesis? | Carbon dioxide (CO2) + water (H2O) ----- (light energy) -----> sugar/glucose + oxygen (O2) |
| Bonus: What is the chemical compound for sugar/glucose? | C6H12O6 |
| What are most producers? | Most producers are plants on land |
| What is chlorophyll? | It is produced in the chloroplast in plants and helps trap the light needed in photosynthesis |
| In the word chlorophyll, "chloros"- stands for? | "chloros" means "green" in Greek |
| In the word chlorophyll, "phyll"- stands for? (phyllon is the real Greek word) | "phyll" (phyllon) means "leaf" in Greek |
| What is cellular respiration? | It is needed by organisms to use stored food energy |
| What is the reaction of cellular respiration? | Sugar/glucose (C6H12O6) + oxygen (O2) -----> carbon dioxide (CO2) + water (H2O) |
| What is a nuclear winter? | When multiple nuclear weapons activate, the dust and debris from the blasts cover the sky, stopping the suns rays from reaching the Earth, causing a climate that stays winter |
| What is a ecological niche? | The role of an organism in it's ecosystem |
| What is a food chain? | It is a linear predator prey relationship and the movement of energy |
| What is a food web? | Multiple path predator prey interdependence instead of a linear one |
| What is another word for producer? | Autotroph ("auto" = self, "-troph" = feeder) |
| What is another word for consumers? | Heterotroph ("hetero" = other, "-troph" = feeder) |
| What are trophic levels? | Trophic levels are levels for each organism regardless if it is a producer or consumer |
| What is another name for "apex predator"? | Top consumer |
| What is the pyramid of numbers? | It shows the number of individual organisms in each trophic level |
| What is the pyramid of biomass? What do most biomass pyramids do at the top? What can also happen to biomass pyramids that doesn't happen in any other pyramids? | It shows the total mass of each living organism in each trophic level, biomass pyramids like to narrow sharply at the top and can (in special cases) be reversed/ turned upside-down |
| What is the pyramid of energy? | The pyramid of energy shows the amount of energy available at each trophic level |
| What is the 10% rule? | The 10% rule is "at each pyramid level. 10% of the energy consumed is passed on to the next level" |
| What is the law of conservation of mass? | Matter can neither be created or destroyed |
| What are biogeochemicals? What are the 4 main cycles? | Carbon, water, nitrogen, phosphorus |
| What percent of the Earth's water is available for us to drink as fresh water? | 0.9% of fresh water |
| Carbon is commonly found as? | Carbon dioxide |
| The atmosphere stores carbon as? How big is the storage area compared to other areas? | CO2 gas, the atmosphere has the smallest storage area compared to others |
| What are all living organisms are made of? | Carbon |
| Carbon is returned to the atmosphere and hydrosphere as CO2 in what? | Carbon is returned as waste and decaying organic matter after death |
| What forms after millions of years when an organism dies? | Carbon-rich deposits/fossil fuels |
| When fossil fuels are burned, what gets released back into the atmosphere? | CO2 gets released back into the atmosphere |
| The hydrosphere stores carbon as? How big is the storage area compared to other areas? | dissolved CO2, it has a very large storage area |
| What is a carbon sink? Can you give some examples of carbon sinks? | A carbon sink is something that can let carbon enter, and leave them over periods of time, oceans and plant-tissue are called carbon sinks |
| What have humans done to affect the carbon cycle? | We have started burning fossil fuels at a rapid pace |
| In the past 800,000 years, is the concentration of CO2 greater or less than today? | The concentration of CO2 would be much, much lower |
| What effect is created when we release excess CO2 in the atmosphere? What does this cause? | The greenhouse effect is caused when we put excess CO2 in the atmosphere as it traps radiant energy, not letting it come out; this effect also causes global warming, which in turn causes climate change |
| Can you fill in the blanks? "As polar ice caps melt, more _________ is released into the air, worsening the situation" | As polar ice caps melt, more CO2 is released into the air, worsening the situation |
| Can plants take in pure nitrogen gas? If not, what needs to happen for pure nitrogen gas to be used for plants? | No, plants need nitrogen gas to be converted into nitrates first before plants can consume it |
| What is the bacteria for nitrogen gas to nitrate conversion called? What is this process called? | The bacteria is called nitrogen-fixing bacteria and the process is called nitrogen fixation |
| What 2 other compounds can nitrogen be converted into? | Nitrites and ammonium |
| What can nitrogen-fixation also be caused by? | It can also be caused by lightning, UV radiation, and algae |
| What is the reverse process of nitrogen-fixing called? What is the bacteria called for this reverse process? | It is called denitrification and the bacteria is called denitrifying bacteria |
| What product from animals also contain ammonium and nitrates? | Animal waste and decaying organisms also contain ammonium and nitrates |
| What 3 ways do we add nitrates to the nitrogen cycle? | Fertilizers, fossil fuel combustion, and the planting of legumes |
| What is the estimated N-based fertilizer use? (Prob not gonna be on a test but wtv) | 119 billion kg |
| What are legumes? How does planting and harvesting legumes affect the nitrogen cycle? | Legumes are plants that have pods or shells (peas), their roots have nodules which have nitrogen-fixing bacteria in them, causing more nitrogen in the soil |
| What easily dissolves in water? Why is this a problem? | Nitrates easily dissolve in water, which means surface runoff can easily take them into water sources like rivers or streams |
| What grows on water surface as a result of nitrates? | Plants called algae are grown as a result of nitrates |
| Rapid growth of algae is called? | Algal bloom |
| What are 3 problems as a result of algal bloom? | 1. Algal bloom causes algae to grow fast, which doesn't let sunlight in, killing other plants 2. Algae can die, making bacteria eat it, which adds more bacteria in the water 3. Nitrates to nitrites kills organisms due to the effects of nitrites |
| If large quantities of algae act like a blanket, what happens as a result of that? | The algae acts like a blanket, making sunlight disappear from the water, plants can't do photosynthesis, they die |
| As algae and other plants die, they are decomposed by bacteria; what happens as a result of this if algal bloom happens? | The higher amounts of bacteria in the water uses up the O2 supply, killing fish who need oxygen |
| Nitrates can be converted into nitrites; are nitrites good for organisms? | No, nitrites are horrible for organisms, they restrict the ability of blood to absorb O2 |
| The consequences and process of algal boom is called? | Eutrophication ("eutrophos-" means "well-nurished") |
| What are the 4 factors that affect biodiversity? | Climate change (most important one, fucked it up on the multiple choice :D), overexploitation, habitat destruction, pollution |
| What is the COSEWIC classification "special concern"? | A species that may become threatened or endangered due to a combination of factors |
| What is the COSEWIC classification "threatened"? | A species likely to become endangered if current conditions do not change |
| What is the COSEWIC classification "endangered"? | A species in immediate danger of becoming extirpated or extinct |
| What is the COSEWIC classification "extirpated"? | A species that no longer exists in a specific area, but still survives elsewhere |
| What is the COSEWIC classification "extinct"? | A species that no longer survives anywhere on Earth |
| What are limiting factors? What is a tolerance range? | Limiting factors = a natural occurrences that restrict a populations ability to grow above a certain point Tolerance range = the ability to survive within a certain range of limiting factors |
| What limiting factors are for terrestrial ecosystems? | light availability, nutrient availability, water availability, temperature |
| What limiting factors are for aquatic ecosystems? | light availability, nutrient availability, acidity, temperature, salinity |
| Abiotic factors usually determine? | Abiotic factors usually determine where organisms will live |
| Biotic factors usually determine? | Biotic factors usually determine how large the population can become |
| Biotic factors lead to interactions both within, and between different populations; can you name the 5 interactions? | Mutualism, parasitism, commensalism, competition, predation |
| Can you explain mutualism? | 2 organisms interact, both benefit |
| Can you explain parasitism? | 2 organisms interact, one benefits, while one gets harmed (not to death, but sometimes can kill them) |
| Can you explain commensalism? | 2 organisms interact, one benefits, while one stays the same (no benefit, no harm) |
| Can you fill in the blanks? "3/5 of the interactions we learned are called ___________________." | 3/5 of the interactions we learned are called symbiotic relationships |
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FemurBreaker
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